Isigaba sesithathu kwi-Theory yePiaget
Isigaba sokusebenza sekhonkrithi yintetho yesithathu yePiaget yokuphuhliswa kwengqondo . Eli xesha lichaza ixesha lokubantwana obuphakathi kwaye libonakaliswe ngokuphuhliswa kwengcamango engqiqo. Ngelixa abantwana beli minyaka beba nengqiqo ngakumbi ngezinto eziphathekayo kunye neenkcukacha ezithile, basalwa nemibono engacacanga.
Funda kabanzi ngezinye zezinto eziphambili ezenzeka ngexesha lokusebenza lokukhonkco.
Iinkcukacha zeString Operational Stage
Isigaba sokusebenza sekhonkrithi siqala malunga no-7 ubudala kwaye siyaqhubeka kude kube malunga neshumi elinanye. Ngeli xesha, abantwana bafumana ukuqonda okungcono kwengqondo. Abantwana baqala ukucinga ngokuchanekileyo malunga neziganeko eziphathekayo kodwa banokuqonda ukuqonda iingcamango ezingabonakaliyo.
Logic
UPiaget wazimisela ukuba abantwana kwisigaba sokusebenza sekhonkrithi babesilungele ukusetyenziswa kweengcamango zokukhupha (ukuqiqa ngokukhupha). Iingcamango ezingenayo ziquka ukuhamba kumava athile kumgaqo jikelele. Umzekelo wokuzikhumbuza ingqiqo uya kuqaphela ukuba yonke ixesha ujikeleze ikati, unamehlo aqhekekileyo, impumlo ehambayo, kunye nomqala we-throat. Unokuthi uqikelele kweso sihlandlo ukuba uhlaselwa kwiikati.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abantwana beli minyaka banzima ukusebenzisa ingqiqo yokunciphisa , okubandakanya ukusebenzisa umgaqo-jikelele ukucacisa umphumo wesiganeko esithile.
Umzekelo, umntwana angafunda ukuba i-A = B, kunye ne-B = C, kodwa usenokuba nzima ukuqonda ukuba i-A = C.
Ukubuyisela
Enye yeyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kule nqanaba kukuqonda ukubuyiswa okanye ukuqonda ukuba izenzo ziya kuguqulwa. Umzekelo wale nto uyakwazi ukuguqula umyalelo wobudlelwane phakathi kweentlobo zengqondo.
Umzekelo, umntwana unokukwazi ukubona ukuba inja yakhe yiLabrador, ukuba iLabrador inja, kwaye inja iyilwanyana.
Ezinye izinto eziphambili
Olunye uphuhliso oluphambili kweli nqanaba kukuqonda ukuba xa kukho into eguquka kwisimo okanye ukubonakala kwayo iyafana, ingcamango eyaziwa njengongqongileyo. Abantwana kweli nqanaba bayaqonda ukuba xa uphula ibha ye-candy ibe yizicucu ezincinci, kusekho umlinganiselo ofanayo xa i-candy iphelele. Lo umehluko kubantwana abancinci abavame ukukholelwa ukuba ukuthulula umlinganiselo ofanayo wamanzi kwiikomityi ezimbini kuthetha ukuba kukho ngaphezulu.
Ngokomzekelo, cinga ukuba unemibhobho emibili ye-candy yeyona nto ifanayo. Uphula i-candy eyodwa ibha ukuya kwiiqendu ezimbini ezilinganayo kunye nezinye i-candy ibha kwiindawo ezine ezincinci kodwa ezilinganayo. Umntwana osesikweni sokusebenza sekhonkrithi uya kuqonda ukuba zombini iibhola ze-candy zisengumlinganiselo ofanayo, kanti umntwana omncinci uya kukholelwa ukuba ibha ye-candy eneziqwenga ezininzi zinkulu kuneziqendu ezimbini kuphela.
Isigaba sokusebenza sekhonkrithi sibonakaliswe ngokuncipha kwi-egocentrism. Ngelixa abantwana besigaba esandulelayo sokuphuhliswa (isigaba esilungelelanisayo) umzabalazo wokuthatha imbono yabanye, abantwana abasecaleni lokukhonkxa banakho ukucinga ngezinto ngendlela abanye ababona ngayo.
Ngokomsebenzi weentaba ezintathu wePiaget, umzekelo, abantwana kwisigaba sokusebenza sekhonkrithi banokuchaza indlela ummandla weentaba wawukhangele ngayo umbonisi ohleliyo.
Ngamanye amazwi, abantwana abakwazi ukuqala ukucinga ngendlela abanye abantu abajonga ngayo kunye namava ehlabathini, baqala ukusebenzisa olu hlobo lwazi xa besenza izigqibo okanye baxazulula iingxaki.
Imiba malunga neSiteyini sokuSebenzayo
Esinye seziganeko eziphambili kwisigaba sokusebenza sekhonkrithi yikhono lokugxila kwiindawo ezininzi zeengxaki. Nangona abantwana besigaba sokuqala sokuphuhliswa bathambekele ekugxinineni kwimiba enye yenkalo okanye ingxaki, abo kwisigaba sokusebenza sekhonkco banako ukubandakanya kwizinto ezibizwa ngokuthi "ukuhlonipha." Bayakwazi ukugxila kwiinkalo ezininzi zeemeko ngexesha elifanayo, elidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqondeni ulondolozo.
Eli nqanaba lokuphuhliswa kwengqondo lisebenza njengenguqu ebalulekileyo phakathi kwamanyathelo okusebenza ngokusesikweni nangokusemthethweni. Ukubuyiselwa kuyisinyathelo esibalulekileyo ekucingeni okuphambili, nangona kweli nqanaba lisebenza kuphela kwiimeko ezikhonkco.
Ngelixa abantwana bephambili kumanyathelo okuphuhliswa yi-egocentric, abo kwisigaba sokusebenza sekhonkrithi bahlala beninzi. Ngamanye amazwi, bayakwazi ukuqonda ukuba abanye abantu baneengcinga zabo. Abantwana ngaleso nkalo bayazi ukuba abanye abantu baneengcamango ezikhethekileyo, kodwa mhlawumbi abanako ukuqiqa ngokucacileyo ukuba yintoni na okanye yintoni na loo mntu. Ukukwazi ukukhupha ulwazi ngengqondo kunye nokucinga ngeengcamango zabanye kuza kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwisigaba esisemgangathweni sokuphuhlisa xa ingqiqo kunye nengcamango engacacanga ibaluleke kakhulu.
ILizwi
Isiteji sokusebenza sophuhliso lwamanqaku amanqaku aphuhliso kunye nokuqhubela phambili ngendlela abantwana bacinga ngayo. Nangona ukucinga kwabo kunzima ukuba kunokrektha, abantwana banengqiqo kwaye banesigxina ekucingeni kwabo ngeli nqanaba lophuhliso. Nangona le nto ibaluleke kakhulu kwaye yona ngokwayo, isebenza njengenguqu ebalulekileyo phakathi kwamanqanaba amanyathelo okuphuhlisa kunye nesigaba esilandelayo apho abantwana baya kufunda indlela yokucinga ngokucace ngakumbi.
> Imithombo :
> Rathus, SA. Abantwana nabaselula: Uhambo oluPhuhliso kwiBelmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth; 2008.
> Santrock, JW. Indlela yokubaluleka ekuphuhliseni ubomi (4 ed.). Isixeko saseNew York: McGraw-Hill; 2008.