Isigaba sokusebenza esisesikweni sisigaba sesine nesigxina se- Jean Piaget yembono yokuphuhliswa kwengqondo . Ingcamango ekhulayo kunye nengqiqo yokucinga ibonakalisa lesi sigaba sophuhliso.
Kule nkqubela ekuphuhliseni, ukucinga kuya kuba nzima kakhulu kwaye kuqhube phambili. Izingane ziyakucinga ngeengcamango ezingabonakaliyo kunye neengcamango kunye nokusebenzisa ingqiqo ukuza nezixazululo zokudala iingxaki.
Funda kabanzi malunga nezinye iimpawu ezibalulekileyo kunye neziganeko ezenzekayo ngeli nqanaba lokuphuhliswa kwengqondo.
Iziganeko zeSigaba esisemgangathweni sokuSebenza
- Isigaba sokusebenza esisemthethweni siqala malunga nama-12 ubudala kwaye sihlala sikhulile.
- Ngeli xesha, abantu bahlakulela amandla okucinga ngeengcamango ezingabonakaliyo.
- Izakhono ezinjengeengcamango ezinengqiqo, ukuqiqa ngokucuthayo, kunye nokucwangciswa okucwangcisiweyo kwakhona kuvela ngeli nqanaba.
Uvavanyo lwePiaget luyasebenza njani?
UPiaget wavavanya ingcamango yokusebenza ngokusemthethweni ngeendlela ezimbalwa ezahlukeneyo:
Omnye umsebenzi wawubandakanya ukuba nabantwana bobudala obuhlukeneyo balinganise isilinganisi ngokukhupha izisindo kwisiphelo ngasinye. Ukulinganisela umlinganiselo, abantwana befuna ukuqonda ukuba kokubili ubunzima bezilingo kunye nomgama ukusuka kwiziko lidlala indima.
Abantwana abancinci abasusela kwiminyaka eyi-3 no-5 babengenakukwazi ukuwugqiba umsebenzi ngenxa yokuba abazange baqonde umgaqo wokulinganisela.
Abantwana abaneminyaka engama-7 bayazi ukuba bangakwazi ukulungelelanisa isiqalo ngokubeka izisindo ekupheleni kwayo yonke, kodwa bahluleka ukuqonda ukuba apho babeka khona iisisindo kubalulekile. Xa uneminyaka eyi-10, abantwana bajonga indawo kunye nobukhulu kodwa bafanele bafike kwimpendulo echanekileyo usebenzisa isilingo kunye nephutha. Kwakungekho ukufikelela kwiminyaka engama-13 ukuba abantwana bangasebenzisa ingcamango ukuba benze i-hypothesis malunga nokuba babeke iisisindo ukulinganisela umlinganiselo baze bagqibe umsebenzi.
Kwesinye isilingo malunga nengcamango yokusebenza ngokusemthethweni, uPiaget wabuza abantwana ukuba bacinge apho bafuna ukubeka iliso lesithathu ukuba babenalo. Abantwana abancinci bathi bayeza kufaka iso lesithathu elisecaleni phakathi kwebunzi labo. Abantwana asebekhulile, nangona kunjalo, bakwazi ukuza neengcamango ezahlukeneyo malunga nokuba zibeka phi iliso kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo. Iliso phakathi kwesandla somntu luya kuba luncedo ukukhangela ngeenxa zonke. Iliso emva kwekhanda lomntu linokuba luncedo ekuboneni okwenzekayo kwimvelaphi. Iingcamango ezinjalo zokudala zibonisa ukusetyenziswa kweengcamango ezingabonakaliyo kunye nokucinga, zombini izibonakaliso ezibalulekileyo zeengcamango zokusebenza ezisemthethweni.
Logic
UPiaget wayekholelwa ukuba ukuqiqa ngokuchukumisayo kuye kwaba yimfuneko ngexesha lokusebenza ngokusemthethweni. Ingqiqo yokudinga ifuna ukwazi ukusebenzisa umgaqo-jikelele ukucacisa umphumo othile. ISayensi kunye neemathematika zifuna ukuba lolu hlobo lokucinga malunga neemeko kunye neengcamango.
Ucinga ngokucinga
Nangona abantwana bevame ukucinga ngokugqithiseleyo kwaye ngokukodwa kwizigaba zangaphambili, ukukwazi ukucinga ngeengcamango ezingabonakaliyo kuvela ngexesha lokusebenza ngokusemthethweni.
Esikhundleni sokuthembela kuphela kumava adlulileyo, abantwana baqala ukuqwalasela iziphumo kunye neziphumo zezenzo. Olu hlobo lokucinga lubalulekile ekucwangceni kwexesha elide.
Ukulungisa ingxaki
Kwimibandela yangaphambili, abantwana basebenzisa isilingo-kunye nempazamo ukuxazulula iingxaki . Ngethuba lesigaba sokusebenza esisemgangathweni, ukukwazi ukusombulula ngendlela efanelekileyo ingxaki ngendlela echanekileyo neyobuchule. Abantwana kwisigaba esisemthethweni sokuphuhliswa kwengqondo bahlala bekwazi ukucwangcisa ngokukhawuleza indlela ehleliweyo yokuxazulula ingxaki.
Ezinye iziganeko zeSigaba esisemgangathweni sokuSebenza
UPiaget wayekholelwa ukuba into awayebhekisela kuyo ngokuthi "ukucabangela ukuxilisa" kwakuyimfuneko kweli nqanaba lophuhliso lwengqondo.
Kule nkalo, intsha iyakwazi ukucinga ngeengcamango ezingabonakaliyo. Bahlala becinga ngoluhlobo lwemibuzo kunye nemibuzo kwaye banokucinga ngezicombululo ezininzi okanye iziphumo ezinokwenzeka.
Nangona abantwana besigaba esedlulileyo ( imisebenzi yekhonkrithi ) kakhulu kwiingcamango zabo, abantwana abasesikweni sokusebenza ngokusemthethweni baqala ngokugqithiseleyo ekucingeni kwabo. Baye bahlakulele oko kwaziwa ngokuba yi-metacognition, okanye amandla okucinga ngeengcamango zabo kunye neengcamango zabanye.
Iingqalelo malunga neSigaba esisemgangathweni sokuSebenza
- "Umcwangcisi osebenza ngokusemthethweni ukwazi ukujonga izicombululo ezahlukeneyo kwiingxaki ngaphambi kokusebenza." Oku kunyuse kakhulu ukusebenza, kuba umntu unokuphepha ukuzama ukuphumeza ukulungisa ingxaki. Umntu osebenza ngokusemthethweni ubona amava adlulileyo, iimfuno ezikhoyo kunye nekamva iziphumo ekuzame ukwandisa impumelelo yokuguqulwa kwakhe kwihlabathi. "
(Salkind, 2004) - "Kwinqanaba elisemgangathweni lokusebenza, izinto zangempela (zekhonkrithi) azifuneki kwaye imisebenzi engqondweni ingenziwa 'entloko' usebenzisa amagama angabonakaliyo. Ngokomzekelo, abantwana beli nqanaba banokuphendula imibuzo efana nale nto: 'Ukuba unokucinga into ethile zenziwe ngamabini amabini, kwaye yonke into iyaqhubeka ifanayo xa ubuninzi bonyuka, kwenzeka ntoni kubungakanani besibini? ' Olu hlobo lokuqiqa lunokwenziwa ngaphandle kokucinga ngezinto zangempela. "
(Brain & Mukherji, 2005)
> Imithombo:
> Ubuchopho, C., & Mukherji, P. (2005). Ukuqonda ingqondo yengqondo yabantwana. IUnited Kingdom: uNelson Thornes.
> Piaget, J. (1977). Gruber, HE; Voneche, JJ eds. I-Piaget ebalulekileyo. ENew York: IiNcwadi eziSiseko.
> Piaget, J. (1983). Ngcamango kaPiaget. KuP. Mussen (ed). Incwadi ye-Psychology yabantwana. 4 edition. Vol. 1. I-New York: iWiley.
> Salkind, NJ (2004). Isingeniso kwiingcamango zophuhliso loluntu. Amawaka e-Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
> Santrock, uJohn W. (2008). Indlela yokubaluleka ekuphuhliseni ubomi (4 ed.). Isixeko saseNew York: McGraw-Hill.