Uvavanyo lwezengqondo ezingekho emthethweni zedlulileyo
Kuye kwaba nenani leemvavanyo ezidumileyo zengqondo ezithathwa njengezingxabano, ezingenangqiqo, kunye nokukhohlakali okuphazamisekayo - zizinto ezihlanu zengxabano zengqondo. Ndiyabulela kwiikhowudi zokuziphatha kunye neebhodi zokuphonononga iziko, uninzi lwale mvavanyo aluze lwenziwa nanamhlanje.
1 - I-Milgram "Yokumangalisa" Ukuvavanya
Ukuba omnye umntu ekutshilo ukuba anikezele ubuhlungu, mhlawumbi ukhathazeka kowomnye umntu, ngaba uya kuyenza? Uninzi lwethu luya kuthi sisoze senza into enjalo, kodwa enye ingxaki yokufunda kwengqondo inengxaki inzima kule ngxaki.
Isazi sengqondo senhlalakahle uStanley Milgram senze uchungechunge lweemvavanyo zokuhlola ubunjani bokuthobela . I-Milgram yayiyiyo yokuba abantu babehlala behlala bakhulu kwaye ngamanye amaxesha banoyingozi, okanye banobubi, ubude bokuthobela igunya.
Kuvavanyo lukaMilgram , izifundo zacelwa ukuba zithumelele omnye umntu. Nangona umntu obengumbuzo wayengumdlali ozenzayo, izifundo ngokwawo zikholelwa ngokupheleleyo ukuba omnye umntu wayethuswa. Amanqanaba ombane aqalise kwi-volts ezingama-30 kwaye yanda kwi-15-volt increments ukuya kuma-volts angama-450. Utshintshi lwaye lwabhalwa ngamagama abandakanya "ukutshatyalaliswa okukodwa", "ukutshatyalaliswa okuphakathi", kunye "nengozi: ukutshitshiswa okukhulu." Inqanaba lokutshatyalaza eliphezulu libhalwe nje nge "XXX."
Iziphumo zovavanyo zazingekho nto zifutshane. I-65% yabathathi-nxaxheba bekulungele ukunikela ubuninzi bokutshatyalaliswa, nangona xa umntu ozenza ngathi uyothuswa wayecela ukuba akhululwe okanye akhononde ngenhliziyo.
Unokuthi ubone ukuba kutheni ukuhlolwa kukaMilgram kuthathwa njengengxabano. Akukona nje ukutyhila ulwazi olumangalisa malunga nobude abantu abazimisele ukuya kuthobela, kwabangela ukuba uxinzelelo olukhulu kubathathi-nxaxheba abandakanyekayo. Ngokutsho kovavanyo lukaMilgram lwabathathi-nxaxheba, amaphesenti angama-84 athi bavuyiswe ukuba babandakanyeke kuvavanyo, ngelixa iipesenti ezi-1 zathi zizisole ngokubandakanyeka kwabo.
2 - "Ingozi yokuphazamiseka"
Isazi sengqondo sengqondo uHarry Harlow senza uchungechunge lweemvavanyo kwi-1960s eyenzelwe ukuhlolisisa iimpawu ezinamandla ezithandwayo kunye nokuqhotyoshelweyo kwintuthuko evamile. Kule mvavanyo, i-Harlow iyingqamane i-rhesus iminyana, iyanqanda oomama kwaye igcine ingabandakanyeki nezinye iimonke. Iimvavanyo zazihlala zikhohlakele ngokukrakra, kwaye iziphumo zibuhlungu nje.
Iimvana ezincinci kwezinye izilingo zahlukana noomama bokwenene kwaye zaphakanyiswa ngoomama "oomatshini". Omnye wabamama abancinci wenziwa ngetambo. Ngelixa libonelela ukutya, lingazange linikeze ukuthambisa okanye ukuthuthuzela. Omnye umama owenziwe ngumoya wenziwe ngetambo kunye nengubo, unikezela ngezinga elithile lokuthuthuzela kwiinkwenkwe zasana. UHarlow wafumanisa ukuba ngelixa iinkawu zaziya kumama wocingo ukuze zondle, zakhetha umama onobuchopho, onxiba ukuthuzela.
Ezinye zezilingo zikaHarlow zazibandakanya ukuhlukanisa inkunzi yenkwenkwe kwizinto ezazibiza ngokuthi "umgodi wokuphelelwa lithemba." Le nto yayiyinkampani yokuzimela. Iimvana ezincinci zafakwa kwiindawo zokuhlala ezizimeleyo kwiinyanga ezili-10. Ezinye iimvu zazixhomekeke kwithuba elide nje ngonyaka. Kwiintsuku nje ezimbalwa, iintsontsana ziza kuqala ukugubungela kwikona lekamelo, zihlala zingenasiphako.
Uvavanyo lukaHarlow oluchukumisayo lubangele ukuba iinkwenkwe ziphazamiseke kakhulu ngokomzwelo nangentlalo. Babenaloozakhono zentlalo kwaye babengenakukwazi ukudlala nezinye iimonke. Kwakungenakukwazi ukuziphatha ngokwesondo, ngoko uHarlow waqulunqa esinye isixhobo esiyingozi, awayebhekisele kuso ngokuthi "idlwengulo." Iinyani ezizimeleyo zaziboshwe phantsi kwindawo yokuxhatshazwa ukuba igule. Akumangalisi kukuba, iinkawu ezizimeleyo zaphela zazingakwazi ukunyamekela abantwana babo, ukunganaki kwaye zisebenzise kakubi abantwana babo.
Uvavanyo lukaHarlow lwagqitywa ngowe-1985 xa i- American Psychological Association yadlulisela imithetho malunga nokuphatha abantu nezilwanyana kuphando.
I-3 - I-Zimbardo ye-Extension Prison Testment
Isazi seengqondo uFilipu Zimbardo waya esikolweni esiphakeme kunye noStanley Milgram kwaye wayenomdla kwiindlela ezahlukahlukeneyo zengqondo ezithintela ekuziphatheni kwezentlalo. Kwimizamo yakhe edumileyo neyongqinelanayo, wabeka igosa elihlekisayo kwisigxina seSebe lezeNgqondo eSyford University . Abathathi-nxaxheba bebanjelwe ngandlela-thile ukuba babe ngamabanjwa okanye abalindi, kwaye uZimbardo ngokwakhe wakhonza njengomgadi wejele.
Abaphandi bazama ukwenza imeko engokoqobo, nokuba "babambelele" amabanjwa baze babangenise entolongweni. Iintolongo zafakwa kwiifom, ngelixa abalindi batshelwa ukuba kufuneka bahlale belawulwa entolongweni ngaphandle kokubamba iqela okanye udlame. Xa amabanjwa aqala ukungahoywa umyalelo, abalindi baqalisa ukusebenzisa amaqhinga aquka ukuthotywa kunye nokuvalelwa ngabodwa ukujezisa nokulawula amabanjwa.
Ngethuba uvavanyo lwaluqala ukuba luphele iiveki ezimbini ezipheleleyo, kwafuneka kuhlonywe emva kweentsuku ezintandathu. Ngoba? Ngenxa yokuba abalindi basejele babesebenzisa kakubi igunya labo kwaye babephatha kakubi amabanjwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amabanjwa aqala ukubonakalisa iimpawu zokuxhalaba nokukhathazeka kwengqondo.
Kwakungekho umfundi ophumeleleyo (kunye nomfazi wekamva likaZimbardo) u-Christina Maslach watyelela entolongweni ehlekisayo kangangokuba oko kwacaca ukuba le nto yayingenakulawulwa kwaye ihambe kakhulu. UMasch wayemangaliswe kwizinto ezenzekayo waza wachaza ukukhathazeka kwakhe. UZimbardo wagqiba ekubeni acime ukulinga.
UZimbardo kamva wakhuthaza ukuba "nangona siphelile isifundo iveki ngaphambi kokucwangciswa, asizange siphele ngokukhawuleza."
4 - Watson kunye noRayner's Little Albert Experiment
Ukuba uke wathatha isingeniso kwiklasi yeengqondo , ngoko mhlawumbi ungaziqhelana no Little Little . UJohn Watson kunye nomncedisi wakhe uRossalie Rayner wayemisela inkwenkwe ukuba ayesabe imhlophe emhlophe, kwaye loloyiko ludityaniswe nezinye izinto ezimhlophe ezibandakanya izinto zokugqoka kunye neendwangu zikaWatson.
Ngokucacileyo, olu hlobo lovavanyo lubhekwa njengengxabano namhlanje. Ukoyikisa umntwana kunye nesimo esinjongo sokuba umntwana abe noloyiko akucaci kakuhle. Njengoko ibali lihamba, inkwenkwe nonina bahamba phambi kokuba uWatson noRayner bakwazi ukuhlambalaza umntwana, abaninzi abantu bazibuza ukuba ngaba kukho umntu ngaphandle kwesoyiko elingenangqondo lezinto ezimhlophe zobomvu.
Abanye abaphandi baye bathetha ukuba inkwenkwe ephakathi kweso sifundo yayinomntwana ogama linguDouglas Meritte. Abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba umntwana wayengengumfana ophilileyo uWatson ochazwe, kodwa ngokwenene yinkwenkwe engenakukhubazeka eyaphelela ukufa nge-hydrocephalus xa yayineminyaka emithandathu ubudala. Ukuba oku kuyenyani, kwenza ukuba u-Watson afunde ngakumbi kwaye aphikisana. Nangona kunjalo, ubungqina obutshanje bubonisa ukuba u-Little Albert ngokwenene wayengumfana ogama linguWilliam Albert Barger.
5 - U-Seligman Ukhangele Ufunde Ukungancedi
Ngexesha lama-1960, iingcali zeengqondo zikaMartin Seligman kunye noSteven F. Maier beqhuba iimvavanyo ezibandakanya inja yokumelana nokulondeka kombane emva kokuva itoni. U-Seligman noMaier baphawula ngeziphumo ezingalindelekanga.
Xa ekuqaleni kufakwe kwibhokisi yokufuduka apho elinye icala latshitshisiweyo, izinja zaza kungena ngokukhawuleza kwinqanaba elincinane ukuze liphunyuke. Emva koko, izinja zazingeniswa kwintonga apho ukuphazamiseka kwakungenakukhunjulwa.
Emva kokuba befake imimiselo ukuba balindele ukutshitshiswa abo babengenakukuphepha, izinja zaphinda zafakwa kwi-shuttlebox. Esikhundleni sokungena kwi-barrier ephantsi ukuze ubaleke, izinja azizange zenze imizamo yokuphepha kwibhokisi. Kunoko, balala phantsi, bahlanjululwe baze bahluthe. Ekubeni bekade befundile ukuba akukho nto yokuphunyuka yayingenako, abazange bazame ukutshintsha iimeko zabo. Abaphandi bathi le ndlela yokuziphatha yafunda ukungaxhasi .
Umsebenzi kaSeligman uthathwa njengengxabano ngenxa yokuphatha kakubi izilwanyana ezibandakanyekayo kwisifundo.