Ukujonga ngokugqithiseleyo ukuFundwa kweNtshutshiso yasejele kaZimbardo
Ngomnyaka we-1971, isazi sengqondo sezokwelapha uPhilip Zimbardo kunye noogxa bakhe basebenze ukudala uvavanyo olwalujonga umphumo wokubanjwa okanye ukugcinwa entolongweni. Eyaziwa njengeStellford Prison Experiment, isifundo saqhubeka saba yinto eyaziwayo kwiimbali zengqondo.
UZimbardo, owayengumfundi waseStanley Milgram (owaziwayo ngokuzithoba kwakhe , wayenomdla wokwandisa uphando lukaMilgram.
Wayefuna ukuphanda ngakumbi impembelelo yezinto ezichasene nezimo zokuziphatha kwabantu.
Abaphandi bafuna ukwazi indlela abathathi-nxaxheba abaya kuthatha ngayo xa bebekwe kwiimeko zentolongo.
"Mhlawumbi unabantwana kuphela abaqhelekileyo bephilile, ngokwengqondo nangokwenyama, kwaye beyazi ukuba baya kuvela kwindawo enjengentolongo kwaye amanye amalungelo abo angabingelela. -ubuhle babo buya kuthatha? " UZimbardo uthethwano olulodwa.
Abathathi-nxaxheba
Abaphandi bamisela igosa elityhaxayo kwisakhiwo esingaphantsi kwesakhiwo seSyunivesithi sase-Standford, kwaye ke bakhetha abafundi abangama-24 bezidanga lokufunda ukuba badlale indima yababanjwa kunye nabalindi. Abathathi-nxaxheba batyunjwa kwiqela elikhulu lamavolontiya angama-70 kuba babengenayo imvelaphi yobugebengu, bengenayo imiba yengqondo, kwaye babengenayo impawu ebalulekileyo yezokwelapha.
Amavolontiya ayavuma ukuthatha inxaxheba ngexesha elilodwa ukuya kwiiveki ezimbini ukutshintshela i-$ 15 ngosuku.
Ukubeka kunye neNkqubo
Intolongo efanelwe yayiquka ezintathu ezithandathu ngeesithoba ezisezantsi.
Isitya ngasinye sasibanjelwe amabanjwa amathathu kwaye saquka iintlobo ezintathu. Amanye amakamelo ngaphesheya kweeseli ayetyenziselwa abagcini basejele kunye nomphathi.
Esinye isithuba esincinane sasiqeshwe njengegumbi lokugcina, kwaye elinye igumbi elincinci lisebenza njengedidi lasejele.
Amavolontiya angama-24 ayesetyenziswe ngokulandelelana kwiqela elithunjiweyo okanye iqela labalindi. Iintolongo kwakufuneka zihlale entolongweni edidekileyo iiyure ezingama-24 ngosuku ngelifundo. Abagcini babelwa ukuba basebenze kumaqela amathathu amaqela ngeeyure ezisibhozo zeeyure. Emva kokushiya nganye, abalindi bavunyelwe ukuba babuyele emakhaya abo de kube kutshintsho lwabo olulandelayo. Abaphandi bakwazi ukugcina ukuziphatha kwamabanjwa kunye nabalindi basebenzisa iikhamera ezifihliweyo kunye ne-microphone.
Iziphumo zengqondo yeStanford Prison
Ngethuba i-Stanford Prison Experiment yayisetyenziswe ukuba iqhubeke iintsuku eziyi-14, kwafuneka imiswe emva kweenyanga ezintandathu ngenxa yoko kwenzeka ntoni kubafundi abathathi-nxaxheba. Abalindi babaxhaphaza, kwaye amabanjwa aqala ukubonisa iimpawu zokuxinezeleka kunye nokuxhalabisa.
Ngelixa amabanjwa kunye nabalindi bavunyelwa ukuba bahlanganyele nangayiphi na indlela ababeyifunayo, ukusebenzisana kwakunobundlobongela okanye kubangelisekanga. Abalindi baqala ukuziphatha ngendlela enobundlobongela kunye nokuxhaphaza amabanjwa ngelixa amabanjwa aqala ukuphazamiseka. Amabanjwa amahlanu aqala ukuva iimvakalelo ezibi, kuquka ukukhala nokukhathazeka okukhulu kwaye kwafuneka akhululwe ekufundweni kwangaphambili.
Kwaye nabaphandi ngokwabo baqala ukuyibala ukuba imeko yenzeke. UZimbardo, owayengumgcini wejele, wayihoxisa indlela yokuziphatha kakubi yabalindi basejele kuze kube yilapho umfundi ophunyeziweyo uKhristina Maslach echazela izichaso kwiimeko zaseburongweni kunye nokuziphatha okuqhubekayo.
"Kuphela abantu abambalwa abakwazi ukuchasa izilingo zemiqathango yokunika amandla kunye nokulawula xa begcina ubungqina bokuziphatha kunye nokuziphatha; ngokucacileyo, andingekho phakathi kweli qela elihle," ngokuqinisekileyo uZimbardo wabhala encwadini yakhe ethi Lucifer Effect .
Ziziphi Iingxelo zeCentral Prison Testment?
Ngokutsho kukaZimbardo kunye noogxa bakhe, iStellford Prison Experiment ibonisa indima enamandla ukuba imeko ingayidlala ekuziphatheni komntu.
Ngenxa yokuba abalindi bebekwe kwisithuba samandla, baqala ukuziphatha ngendlela abangayi kuyenza ngayo kwimpilo yabo yemihla ngemihla okanye kwezinye iimeko. Amabanjwa, abekwe kwimeko apho babengenalo ukulawula kwangempela, baba neengxaki.
Iingcamango zeStellford Prison Experiment
I-Stanford Prison Experiment ihlala icaciswa njengomzekelo wophando olungenamthetho. Uvavanyo alukwazi ukuphinda luchazwe ngabaphandi namhlanje ngenxa yokuba luhluleka ukuhlangabezana nemigangatho esekwe yiinkqubo ezininzi zokuziphatha, kubandakanywa neKhowudi ye-Ethics ye- American Psychological Association . UZimbardo uyavuma iingxaki zokuziphatha ngokufunda, ebonisa ukuba "nangona siphelile isifundo iveki ngaphambi kokucwangciswa, asizange siphele ngokukhawuleza."
Abanye abahlalutyi baphakamisa ukuba isifundo asikwazi ukuvelisa ngenxa yeemeko ezahlukeneyo. Isampula engabonakaliyo yabathathi-nxaxheba (amaninzi abamhlophe kunye namacandelo ephakathi) yenza kube nzima ukusebenzisa iziphumo kubemi abaninzi.
Uphononongo uphinde ugxeke ngenxa yokungabikho kwemvelo. Nangona abaphandi benza konke okusemandleni abo ukuba baphinde baphinde bafumane iimeko zentolongo, akunakwenzeka ukuba balingise ngokupheleleyo imimandla yokusingqongileyo kunye neemeko zobomi bentolongo.
Nangona kukho ukugxekwa, i-Stanford Prison Experiment ihlala isifundo esibalulekileyo ekuqondeni kwethu ukuba imeko leyo inokuchaphazela njani ukuziphatha kwabantu. Uphononongo olutshanje luqwalasele ingqalelo emva kweengxelo ze-Abu Ghraib. Abantu abaninzi, kuqukwa noZimbardo ngokwakhe, bathetha ukuba ukuxhaphazwa ku-Abu Ghraib inokuba yimimiselo yehlabathi yangempela yeziphumo ezifanayo ezibonwa kuZimbardo.
I-Stanford Prison Experiment: iminyaka engama-40 kamva
Ngo-2011, i- Stanford Alumni Magazine yabonisa umdlalo ovelele we-Stanford Prison Experiment ukuhlonipha umnyaka wokugqibela wama-40. Eli nqaku laqulethe udliwano-ndlebe nabantu abaningana ababandakanyekayo kuvavanyo, kuquka uZimbardo nabanye abaphandi kunye nabanye abathathi-nxaxheba kwisifundo.
URichard Yacco wayengomnye wabanjwa ekulingeni kwaye ngoku usebenza njengomfundisi wesikolo sikarhulumente. Wanikela ngolwazi olunomdla kwiimeko zakhe:
"Enye into endicinga ukuba yayinomdla malunga nokuzama kukuba ngaba, ukuba ukholwa ukuba uluntu linikele indima, ngaba ucinga ukuba unomdla wendima? Ndifundisa kwiziko eliphakamileyo lase-Oakland. kufuneka bahambe kwiimvavanyo ukuze babone izinto eziyingozi. Kodwa oko kuphazamisa ootitshala kunye nam ukuba senza amathuba amakhulu kula bantwana, sinikela inkxaso eninzi kubo, kutheni bengayisebenzisi kakuhle? Isikolo? Kutheni beza esikolweni bengakhange balungiselele? Ndicinga ukuba isizathu esikhulu sihlolisiso setilongo sibonisa inxaxheba ebantwini abayenzele yona.
Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiCentral Prison Experiment yinto endinokuyisebenzisa kunye nokwabelana nabafundi. Le yeveki enye ebomini bam xa ndandiselula, kodwa nantsi ke, iminyaka engama-40 kamva, kwaye kusekhona into eyaneleyo yempembelelo kuluntu abantu banomdla kuyo. Awukwazi ukuba uza kuthatha inxaxheba kuloo nto iya kuba ngumzuzu ocacileyo ebomini bakho. "
Ngo-2015, uvavanyo lwaba ngumxholo wefilimu ebizwa ngokuba yiNgqungquthela yasejele yaseStanford eyayidla imicimbi yezifundo zango-1971. Unokujonga i-trailer esemthethweni yefilimu apha.
Imithombo:
Udliwano-ndlebe noFilipu Zimbardo. Umkholi . Ifunyenwe kwi-intanethi ku- http://www.believermag.com/issues/200909/?read=interview_zimbardo
I-Stanford Prison Experiment: Isifundo Sokulinganisa I-Psychology of Imprisonment Eqhutywe kwiYunivesithi yaseStanford. Ifunyenwe kwi-intanethi ku- http://www.prisonexp.org/
Zimbardo, P. (2007). I-Lucifer Impact: Ukuqonda indlela abantu abahle baphendukela ngayo ububi. ENew York, NY: I-Random House.