Kutheni abanye abantu balandela imiyalelo, nangona kuthetha ukwenza into abayazi ukuba ayiphuthayo?
Ukuthobela luhlobo lwempembelelo yoluntu olubandakanya ukwenza isenzo phantsi kolawulo lomntu ogunyazisiweyo. Ihluke ekuthotyelweni (okuquka ukutshintsha indlela oziphatha ngayo ngesicelo somnye umntu) kunye nokuhambelana (oku kuquka ukuguqula indlela oziphatha ngayo ukuze uhambe kunye namanye amaqela).
Kunoko, ukuthobela kubandakanya ukutshintsha indlela oziphatha ngayo ngenxa yokuba inqaku legunya likuxelele.
Ukuthobela Kuyahluka Kanjani Ukuvumelana?
Ukuthobela kuyahluke ekuhambisananeni neendlela ezintathu ezibalulekileyo:
- Ukuthobela kubandakanya umyalelo; Ukuhambelana nokubandakanya isicelo.
- Ukuthobela kubandakanya ukulandelelana komntu onomgangatho ophezulu; ukuhambelana ngokuqhelekileyo kubandakanya ukuhamba kunye nabantu abalinganayo.
- Ukuthobela kuxhomekeke kumandla omphakathi; ukuhambelana nokuxhomekeka kuncike kwisidingo sokwamkela uluntu.
Ukuziphulaphula kweMilgram
Ngexesha le-1950, isazi sengqondo seStanley Milgram saxhamla ngokulinganisa oko kwenziwa nguSolomon Asch . Umsebenzi ka-Asch wawubonise ukuba abantu banokukhwabaniswa lula ukuba bahambelane neengcinezelo zeqela, kodwa uMilgram wayefuna ukubona indlela abantu abaya kuhamba ngayo.
Ulingo luka-Adolf Eichmann, owayecebile nokulawula ukuxoshwa kwamaYuda ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II, wancedisa ukuba uMilgram anomdla kwi-intetho yokuthobela.
Kulo lonke ulingo, u-Eichmann wacebisa ukuba wayemlandela nje imiyalelo kwaye akazange abe nomuzwa wecala ngendima yakhe ekubulaleni ngokubanzi ngenxa yokuba wayekwenzile oko ayenziwa ngabaphathi bakhe kwaye engazange adlale inxaxheba kwisigqibo sokubhubhisa abathunjiweyo.
UMilgram wayezimisele ukuphanda umbuzo othi "ngaba amaJamani ahlukile?" kodwa ngokukhawuleza wabona ukuba uninzi lwabantu luyamangalisa ukuthobela igunya.
Emva kokubandezeleka kweNkohlakalo, abantu abathile, njengo-Eichmann, bachaza ukuthatha inxaxheba kwabo kwiintlondi ngokubonisa ukuba baqhuba nje njengoko beyalelwe. UMilgram wayefuna ukwazi-ngaba abantu babeya kulimaza omnye umntu ukuba beyalelwe ukuba ngumntu ogunyazisiweyo? Ngaba unamandla kangakanani ukunyanzela ukuthobela?
Izifundo zikaMilgram zibandakanyeka ukubeka abachaphazelekayo kwigumbi baze baqondise ukuba bathuthumele umbane "kumfundi" osekwelinye igumbi. Engaziwayo kumntu othabatha inxaxheba, umntu ocinga ukuba ufumana ukutshatyalaliswa ngokwenene wayekulo vavanyo kwaye wayesenza nje iimpendulo kwizinto ezithandabuzayo. Ngokumangalisa kukuba, iMilgram yabona ukuba i-65 ekhulwini yabathathi-nxaxheba bekulungele ukunikela ubuninzi beentlonelo kwiimyalelo zomhloli.
Zimbardo's Prison Experiment
Uvavanyo lukaMilgram lwaluphikisayo luvelisa umdla omkhulu kwi-psychology yokuthobela. Ngethuba lowe-1970, isazi sengqondo senhlalakahle uFilipu uZimbardo senza uphando ekufundeni amabanjwa kunye nobomi bentolongo. Wabeka igosa elityebileyo kwisigxina seSebe laseStanford yezobuchopho zeYunivesithi kwaye yabela abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba badlale indima yebanjwa okanye abalindi, kunye noZimbardo ngokwakhe osebenza njengomgadi wejele.
Uphononongo lwalufuneka luyeke emva kweentsuku ezithandathu nje nangona okokuqala kwakucwangciselwe ukuhlala iiveki ezimbini. Kutheni abaphandi bephelile ukuvavanya ngokukhawuleza? Ngenxa yokuba abathathi-nxaxheba bebandakanyeke kakhulu kwiimbopheleleko zabo, kunye nabalindi basebenzisa iindlela zobukhosi zokufumana ukuthobela amabanjwa. Kwezinye iimeko, abalindi babeka iimbopheleleko zokusetyenziswa kakubi ngokwengqondo, ukuxhatshazwa, nokuhlushwa ngokwenyama. Iziphumo zovavanyo lwejele laseStanford zivame ukusetyenziswa ukubonisa indlela abantu abanokuthintela ngayo impawu yeendima kunye neemeko eziye zafakwa kuzo, kodwa uZimbardo uphakamise ukuba izinto ezisingqongileyo zidlala indima kwindlela abantu abaxhomekeke ngayo ukuthobela igunya.
Ukuthobela ukusebenza
Uvavanyo lukaMilgram lubekwe isigaba sophando oluzayo ekuthobeleni, kwaye isihloko ngokukhawuleza saba ngumxholo oshushu kwizengqondo zentlalo . Kodwa ngaba bathetha ntoni xa bekhuluma ngokuthobela?
Ezinye iinkcazo, imizekelo kunye nokuqwalasela:
- "Izifundo zenziwe kunye nabathathi-nye kwamanye amazwe, kunye nabantwana, kunye nezinye izinto ezahlukileyo." Isisiseko esifanayo sisiphumo esifanelekileyo: abantu abaninzi bayamkela impembelelo yamagunya, nangona oko kuthetha ukuba kubangele ukulimala komnye umntu. Isicelo esithakazelisayo sale ngcamango siye sinobudlelwane boongikazi. Izifundo eziliqela zibonise ukuba abahlengikazi baya kudla ukuqhuba imiyalelo yonyango nangona kukho isizathu esihle sokukholelwa ukuba inokuthi ingozi ifike kumguli. "
(Breckler, Olson, & Wiggins, 2006) - "Abanye abaphandi baye baphinda baphendula ngokufunyaniswa kwe-Milgram." Abafundi besikolo samabanga aphakamileyo baye bafunyanwa ukuba bazimisele ukuthobela imiyalelo. Uphando lwezenkcubeko kwezinye iikholi zaseNtshona zanikezela ukuphakama kwezinga eliphezulu lokuthobela ukusebenzisa inkqubo ye-Milgram. Ngelishwa, kubonakala ngathi iziphumo zikaMilgram zazingekho. "
(Pastorino & Doyle-Portillo, 2013) - "Ngaba ukuthobela kunye nokuthobela kuyingcamango yenkcubeko yaseMelika?" Akunjalo. Iimvavanyo zeAsch kunye neMilgram ziye zaphindaphindiwe kwiindawo ezininzi, apho zivelise iziphumo ezifana nezo zibonwa eUnited States. Ukugqithisa inkcubeko ... Uninzi lwezifundo ziye zaxela iirhafu zokuthobela eziphezulu kunokuba zibonwe kwiimodeli zaseMelika zaseMelika. Ngokomzekelo, ukukhokelwa kwamazinga angaphezu kwe-80% kuye kwaxelwa iisampuli ezivela eItali, eJamani, e-Austria, eSpain naseHolland. " (Weiten, 2010)
Iingxelo
Breckler, SJ, Olson, JM, & Wiggins, EC (2006). I-Psychology Social. EBelmont, CA: I-Cengage Learning.
IMilgram, S. (1974). Ukuthobela iGunya: Ukujonga kweNkcazo . ENew York: Harper noRow. Umsebenzi ogqwesileyo wemisebenzi kaMilgram ufumaneka kwiBrown, R. (1986). Amaqela ezentlalo ekuthobeleni nasekuvukeleni. I-Psychology yeNtlalo: Uluhlu lwesiBini . ENew York: I-Free Press.
Pastorino, EE & Doyle-Portillo, SM (2013). Yintoni i-Psychology ?: Izinto ezibalulekileyo. EBelmont, CA: iWadsworth, iCengage Learning.
Weiten, W. (2010). I-Psychology: Izihloko kunye nokuhluka. EBelmont, CA: iWadsworth.