Ukukhohlisa nokukhohliswa zizinto eziqhelekileyo zokuziphatha kwabantu. Kuze kube ngoku kutshanje, bekukho uphando oluncinci malunga nendlela abantu abalala ngayo. Olunye uphando luye lwaphakamisa ukuba abaninzi abantu abangamaphesenti angu-96 avuma ukulala okungenani ngamanye amaxesha. Kufundwa kwelizwe elilodwa labantu abadala base-US bafumanisa ukuba iipesenti ezingama-60 zabaphenduli zithi abazange baxoke. Kunoko, abaphandi bafumanisa ukuba malunga nesiqingatha sabo bonke ubuxoki baxelelwa ngama-5 ekhulwini kuwo onke izifundo. Uphononongo lubonisa ukuba ngelixa ukuhlaselwa kwezinga lingafani, kukho ukuba kukho iqela elincinane lamanga amaninzi.
Inyani kukuba abantu abaninzi balala ngamanye amaxesha. Ezinye zale nkohliso zincinci ezimhlophe ezijoliswe ekukhuseleni iimvakalelo zomntu ("Hayi, loo shati ayinakukubonakala ubuthathaka!"). Kwezinye iimeko, eli buxoki lunokuba lukhulu kakhulu (njengokuba lulele kwi-resume) okanye luyingozi (ukumboza ubugebengu).
Abantu Banobubi Ngokugqithiseleyo Xa Baxela Amanga
Abantu banqwenela ukukholelwa ukuba bahle kakhulu ekufumaneni ubuxoki, kwaye ubulumko bendoda bubonisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokucima ukunganyaniseki. Ezinye zezona ziqhelekileyo: Iingxowa zivame ukutshitshisa kunye nokuxhamla. Abayi kukukhangela kwiso. Baye banamahloni xa bethetha ubuxoki. Uphando lucebisa ukuba ezininzi zezi ngcamango zifana neendala zabafazi.
Ngelixa kukho ezininzi izicwangciso ezikhoyo apho ukuze uxelele ukuba umntu ulele, uphando luye lwabonisa ukuba abantu bayamangalisa ukufumana ubuxoki. Uphononongo luka-2006 olwenziwa nguBond noDePaulo lufumene ukuba abantu banokukwazi ukubona ngokuchanekileyo amaphesenti angama-54 exesha kwi-lab yokubeka - kungeyona nto imangalisayo ngokuqwalasela ipesenti ezingama-50 ezithatyathwa ngengozi kuphela. Olunye uphando lubonise ukuba nabaphandi abaqeqeshiweyo bahluphekile kakhulu xa bethetha ukuba umntu ulala okanye uthethe inyaniso.
Ngokucacileyo, ukungafani kokuziphatha phakathi kwabantu abanyanisekileyo nabangamanga kunzima ukubandlulula nokulinganisa. Abaphandi baye bazama ukufumanisa iindlela ezahlukahlukeneyo zokufumana ubuxoki. Ngelixa kungenokuba yinto elula, ukuxelela ukuba umntu ungathembeki (njengempumlo kaPinocchio), abaphandi bafumene izixhobo ezinobuncedo.
Njengezinto ezininzi, nokuba kunjalo, ukufumanisa ubuxoki ngokukhawuleza kuya kweyinto enye-ukuthembela kwimvelo yakho.
1 - uLwimi lweeLwimi
Xa kuziwa ekufumaneni amanga, abantu bahlala begxila kulwimi lomzimba "uxela," okanye iimpawu eziqhenkcekileyo zomzimba nezokuziphatha ezibonakalisa inkohliso. Ezinye zeziphakamiso ezisemgangathweni zimehlo ezinamahloni, zihlala zigcina, kwaye ziphepha ukuthintana kwamehlo zibonakaliso zomlilo ezithembekileyo ezithethi isithethi.
Nangona iilwimi zolwimi zingabonisa izikhohlisi zobuqhetseba, uphando lubonisa ukuba ezininzi iziganeko ezilindelekileyo azihambelani ngokuqinileyo nokuxoka. Umphandi uCoward Ehrlichman, isazi sezengqondo esiye safunda ukunyuka kwamehlo ukususela ngowe-1970, kuye kwafumanisa ukuba ukunyuka kwamehlo akubonakali ukulala. Enyanisweni, ucebisa ukuba ukutshintsha amehlo kuthetha ukuba umntu ucinga, okanye ngokuchanekileyo, ukuba ufikelela kwimemori yabo ende .
Olunye uphando lubonise ukuba ngelixa iimpawu zomntu kunye neziphathamandla zibonakaliso ezincedo zokukhohliswa, ezinye zezona zinto zihlala zixhomekeke ekuxoxeni (njengokunyuka kwamehlo) ziphakathi kwezinto eziphambili. Nangona ulwimi lomzimba lunokuba luncedo kwisixhobo sokufumanisa amanga, isitshixo kukuqonda ukuba yimaphi imiqondiso ekufuneka uyiqwalasele.
Ziziphi izibonakaliso ezixhamene nokukhohlisa?
Iingcali zengqondo ziye zasebenzisa uphando lweelwimi kunye nokukhohliswa ukunceda amalungu ekunyanzeliswa komthetho ahlukanise phakathi kweqiniso kunye nobuxoki. Abaphengululi be-UCLA baqhube izifundo malunga nesihloko ngaphezu kokuhlalutya izifundo ezingama-60 ekukhohliseni ukwenzela ukuphuhlisa iingcebiso kunye nokuqeqeshwa komthetho. Iziphumo zophando lwabo zanyatheliswa ngo-Aprili umcimbi we- American Journal of Forensic Psychiatry .
Eminye iiflegi ezibomvu ezinokubakho abaphandi abachongileyo oko kunokubonisa ukuba abantu bakhohlisayo kubandakanya:
- Ukungaqondi; nikela iinkcukacha ezimbalwa
- Ukuphinda uphendule imibuzo ngaphambi kokuba uphendule
- Ukuthetha kwiziqwenga zesivakalisi
- Ukungaphumeleli ukunika iinkcukacha ezithile xa ibali lijongelwa umngeni
- Ukuzilungisa ukuziphatha njengokudlala neenwele okanye iminwe yokunyanzela emilonyeni
Umphenyi oyiNtloko R. Edward Geiselman ucacisa ukuba nangona ukubona ukukhohlisa akulula, ukuqeqeshwa kwekhwalithi kunokuphucula ikhono lomntu lokufumanisa amanga:
"Ngaphandle koqeqesho, abantu abaninzi bacinga ukuba banokubona ukukhohlisa, kodwa ingcamango yabo ayihambelani nokukwazi kwabo. Ngokukhawuleza, iseshoni zoqeqesho ezinganeleyo zikhokelela abantu ukuba baphinde bahlalutye kwaye benze okubi kunokuba behamba kunye neendlela zabo zokuguga."
Iilwimi zoLwimi lweeLwimi zivame ukusilela
Uphando luye lwabonisa ukuba abantu bathambekele ekuthobeni ingqalelo kwizinto ezininzi zokuziphatha ezichanekileyo ezihambelana nokukhohlisa. Uhlalutyo lwe-meta-2001 lwabaphandi uHartwig kunye neBond lifumanise ukuba ngelixa abantu bathembela kwiziqulatho ezifanelekileyo zokufumana ubuxoki, ingxaki inokuthi ingabikho ubuthathaka balezi zikhombo njengezikhombisi zokukhohlisa kwindawo yokuqala.
Ezinye zeenkolelo ezichanileyo zibonisa ukuba abantu bayakuqwalasela ukubandakanya:
- Ukungaqondakali: Ukuba isithethi sibonakala sishiya iinkcukacha ezibalulekileyo ngokuzithandela, mhlawumbi kungenxa yokuba baxoki.
- Ukungaqiniseki ngokucacileyo: Ukuba umntu ubonakala engaqinisekanga okanye angakhuselekanga, banokuthi baqondwe njengokuba betho.
- Ukunganakwa: Ukutshatyalaliswa, ukungabikho kokuthetha, kunye nesimo esinokukrakra singabonakalisa ukuxoka ngenxa yokuba umntu uzama ukukhupha iimvakalelo kwaye mhlawumbi uyazixelela.
- Ukugqithisa: Ukuba umntu ubonakala ecinga kakhulu ukuzalisa iinkcukacha zebali, mhlawumbi kuba kukukhohlisa.
Esi sifundo apha kukuba ngelixa ulwimi lomzimba lunokuba luncedo, kubalulekile ukunyamekela iimpawu ezifanelekileyo. Iingcali zibonisa ukuba ukuthembela kakhulu kwiimpawu ezinjalo kungonakalisa amandla okufumanisa amanga. Emva koko, funda ngakumbi malunga nendlela esebenzayo yokucinga ukuba umntu uthetha inyaniso.
2 - Bacele ukuba bathethe ibali labo kwiNguqulelo
Ukuqamba amanga kudlalwa njengento engenziwanga. Abantu bahlala becinga ukuba banokwazi ukugcina umlomo womzimba wamanga kunye nesimo sobuso besibonakaliso ukuze ubone ngokucacileyo. "Nangona uphando lubonisile ukuba le ndlela yindlela embi yokufumana amanga, ukuthatha indlela ethe xaxa yokufumanisa amanga kunokunika iziphumo ezingcono .
Ukwandiswa kweMithwalo yengqondo kwenza ukuba kunzima ukukhohlisa
Uphando lubonisa ukuba ukucela abantu ukuba baxelele amabali abo ngokulandelana ngokulandelelana kunokukwandisa ukulandelelana kwamanga. Abaphandi bacetyisa ukuba izivakalisi nezenzo ezingabonakaliyo ezichazayo phakathi kokuxoka nokuxoka kwenyaniso zibonakala zibonakala ngathi umthwalo wokuqonda. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuxoka kunengqondo ngokukodwa kunokuthetha inyaniso. Ukuba ungeze ukwanda kwengcamango engqondweni, iziphumo zokuziphatha zingabonakala ngokucacileyo.
Akugcini nje ukuthetha ubuxoki ngokufuna ukuqonda, kodwa abaqambimanga baxhaphaza kakhulu ukujonga indlela abaziphethe ngayo nokuvavanya iimpendulo zabanye. Baxhalabele ngokuthembeka kwabo nokuqinisekisa ukuba abanye abantu bakholelwa ngamabali abo. Konke oku kuthatha umlinganiselo omkhulu wenzame, ngoko ke xa uphosa umsebenzi obunzima (njengento echazela ibali labo ngokulandelana), ukutyhoboza kwindali nokuziphatha kunokuxelela ukuba kube lula ukubona.
Ukuxubusha iNdaba kwi-Reverse Leads kukho ukuThola ukuLungisa okungcono
Kwisifundo esithile, abantu abangama-80 abagculelwayo okanye bathetha inyaniso okanye baqamba amanga malunga nesiganeko. Abanye babantu babecelwa ukuba baxelele amabali abo kwi-oda elandelwayo ngelixa abanye baxelele amabali abo ngokulandelelana kwexesha. Abaphandi bafumanisa ukuba i-interviews yangaphakathi ye-intanethi ibonakalisa iinkcukacha ezininzi zokuziphatha ekukhohliseni.
Kwimeko yesibini, ama-polisa angama-55 abukele udliwano-dliwano-ndlebe kwi-initial yovavanyo kwaye bacelwa ukuba baqaphele ukuba ngubani ohleliyo kwaye wayengekho. Uphando luye lwabonisa ukuba izikhululo zokuthotyelwa komthetho zazilungele ukufumana ubuxoki kwiindlebe zeengxoxo ezilandelelanisiweyo kunokuba zibekwe kwiingxoxo zemihla ngemihla.
Le ndlela yokusebenza ngokuqaphela ukuxoka kwamanga ingabancedisa ngakumbi kwiimeko zokunyanzeliswa komthetho, kodwa kuthiwani malunga nosuku nosuku? Emva koko, funda ngakumbi malunga nokuba kutheni ukuthembela kwimibutho yakho esondeleyo ingaba yinto efanelekileyo yokubheja.
3 - Thembela iikholeji zakho
Ngokweziphumo zovavanyo lwango-2014, ukuphendulwa kwamathambo akho ngokukhawuleza kunokuba kuchaneke ngakumbi kunokuba nayiphi na into enokuzibona yamanga. Kulo cwaningo, abaphandi babenamaqela angama-72 abukela iividiyo zamavavlizi kunye nabangangciki-mthetho. Abanye balaba basolwayo bebiwe i-bill ye-100 kwi-shelf xa abanye bebengekho, kodwa bonke abaxolisayo baxelelwa ukuba bathethele udliwano-ndlebe ukuba abazange bathathe imali.
Kuyafana nezifundo zangaphambilini, abathathi-nxaxheba babebi kakhulu ekufumaneni amanga, kuphela ukuchonga ngokuchanekileyo abaxoki ngamaphesenti angama-43 exesha kunye nabaxeli beqiniso ama-48 ekhulwini.
Kodwa abaphandi basebenzise iimvavanyo zexesha lokuphendula ngokuziphatha ngokufanelekileyo ukuba bavavanye abathathi-nxaxheba ngokuzenzekelayo kunye nezimpendulo ezingenasicatshulwa kubasolwa. Oko bakufumanisa kukuba izifundo zazingenakukwazi ukudibanisa amagama anjenge "ukungathembeki" kunye "nabakhohlisayo" kunye nabakrokre ababesele belele. Kwakhona banamathuba okuba badibanise ngokucacileyo amagama afana "asemthethweni" kwaye "athembekile" kunye nabaxeli beqiniso.
Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba abantu banokuba nengcamango engqondweni , enembileyo malunga nokuba umntu ulele. Ngoko ukuba ukuphendulwa kwamathambo ethu kunokuchaneka ngakumbi, kutheni abantu bengcono ekuboneni ukungathembeki?
Umphandi uLeanne elishumi uBrinke ucebisa ukuba iimpendulo zethu ziyakwazi ukuphazamisa imibutho yethu ngokuzenzekelayo. Esikhundleni sokuthembela kwiimvelo zethu, sigxininisa ekuziphatheni okungaqhelekanga esihlala sidibanisa kunye nokuxoka okunjengokutshatyalaliswa nokungabikho kokuthintana kwamehlo. Ngokugqithiseleyo ukuziphatha okungaqinisekiyo ukukhohlisa ukukhohlisa, sinokulimaza amathuba ethu okuhlukanisa phakathi kwenyaniso namanga.
Iingcamango Zokugqibela
Kukho amaninzi amanqaku apha ngaphandle kwendlela yokufumanisa amanga. Abaninzi babo bathabatha uluhlu lwezinto zokuhlamba iimpahla zabadala bezenzo zokuziphatha ngokunyanisekileyo nangona uphando olukhoyo lubonakalise ukuba ezininzi zezi ziphatha azibonakali ukungathembeki.
Iyiphi indlela engcono yokubona umqambimanga? Inyani le nto kukuba akukho mhlaba wonke, uphawu oluqinisekisiweyo lomlilo oluthethwa ngumntu. Zonke iimpawu, iimpawu, iimpawu kunye nabaphandi abaye baxhuma ekuxoxeni ngamangqina nje anokubonakalisa ukuba umntu uphelele.
Ngoko ngexesha elizayo xa uzama ukulinganisa ubungqina bebali lomntu, yeka ukukhangela i-clichéd "imiqondiso yamanga" kwaye ufunde indlela yokujonga iimpawu ezintle ezinokuziqhelanisa ezinokudibaniswa nokukhohliswa. Xa kunesidingo, thabatha indlela ethe xaxa ngokunyusa uxinzelelo kwaye uxoxe ngokuxoxela amanga ngokugxotha ngengqondo ngokucela isithethi ukuba sibalise ibali ngokulandelana.
Ekugqibeleni, kwaye mhlawumbi kubaluleke kakhulu, kholosa izilwanyana zakho. Unokuba nengqiqo enkulu enokwethenjelwa ngokubhekiselele ekungathembeki, kufuneka nje ufunde ukuthobela loo mvakalelo.
> Imithombo:
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Brinke, LT, Stimson, DS, Carney, DR (2014). Olunye ubungqina bokuba kungabonakali kwamanga. I-Psychological Science, 25 (5), 1098-1105. 10.1177 / 0956797614524421.
Ehrlichman, H., & Micic, D. (2012). Kutheni abantu behambisa amehlo abo xa becinga? Izikhokelo zangoku kwiSayensi zeNzululwazi, 21 (2), 96-100. i-doi: 10.1177 / 0963721412436810.
Geiselman, RE, Elmgren, S., Green, C., & Rystad, I. (2011). Ukuqeqesha amaqhinga okufumana ukukhohlisa kwimicimbi yomlomo kunye neengxoxo. I-American Journal ye-Forensic Psychology, 32 , 1-22.
Hartwig, M., & Bond, iCF (2001). Kutheni abakhohlisi abahlulekayo? I-lens model-meta-analysis of sentences of humanity. I-Psychological Bulletin, 137 (4), 643-659.
Serota, KB, Levine, TR, & Boster, F. (2009). Ukuxhaphaka kokulala eMelika: Izifundo ezintathu zokuxoxwa kwangamanga. Uphando loLuntu, 36 (1), 2-25. INGXELO: 10.1111 / j.1468-2958.2009.01366.x.
Vrij, A., Mann, SA, Fisher, RP, Leal, S., Milne, R., & Bull, R. (2008). Ukwandisa umthwalo wokuqonda ukulungiselela ukuqaphela amanga: Inzuzo yokukhumbula isiganeko ngokulandelana. Umthetho kunye nokuziphatha kwabantu, 32 (3) , 253-265.