Uloyiko lwenkqantosi? I-Scared of slithering inyoka? Ewe, awuyedwa. Ngokombutho we-American Psychiatric Association, i- phobias yinto exhaphakileyo yengqondo yengqondo phakathi kwabasetyhini kunye neyesibini eziqhelekileyo kubantu. I-National Institute of Health mentals ibonisa ukuba i- phobias ithintela malunga ne- 19.2 yezigidi zabantu base-US. Ezi phobias zivame ukuvela ebuntwaneni okanye ebusheni kwaye ziqhubeke zikhulile. Baphinde bachaphazele kabini abafazi njengabenza amadoda.
Kukho iinkcukacha ezininzi zokuba kutheni i-phobias ikhula , kuquka iindalo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo kunye neendlela zokuziphatha. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba yintoni imbangela, i-phobias ziimeko eziphathekayo ezinokunciphisa kwaye zitshintshwe kunye neendlela zokwelapha iingqondo kunye nokuziphatha kunye neyeza.
I-Phobias iyamangalisa ngokuqhelekileyo, kodwa yintoni abantu abasabelayo kakhulu? Ngaba zikhona i-phobias ezithi zixhaphake ngaphezu kwabanye?
Ezi zilandelayo ze-phobias zizinto ezilishumi eziqhelekileyo kwiimeko okanye kwiimeko ezibangelwa ukwesaba kunye neempawu ezinjengezotyhefu, isisulu sokuncwina, nokuphefumla. Kwezinye iimeko, ezi zimpawu zikhula zihlasele ngokukhawuleza . Ezi zifo eziqhelekileyo ziquka ngokusingqongileyo, izilwanyana, ukwesaba kweenjini kunye negazi, kunye neemeko ezithile ezithile.
Arachnophobia
I-Arachnophobia ukwesaba izigulane nezinye i-arachnids. Esi sifo siqhelekileyo, sichaphazela abaninzi njengabesifazana aba-1 kunye no-1 kumadoda amane. Ukubona kwesigcawu kunokubangela ukwesaba, kodwa kwezinye iimeko, umfanekiso we-arachnid okanye ingcamango yesicabangci ingakhokelela ekuvekeni koyiko olukhulu kunye nokwesaba.
Ngoko kutheni abantu abaninzi kangaka besoyika ama-arachnids? Nangona kukho iintlobo ezilwanyana ezingama-35,000 ezahlukileyo, zingaphaya kwe-12 zodwa zibeka nayiphi na ingxaki yoluntu. Enye yeenkcazo eziqhelekileyo zezi zifo kunye nezilwanyana ezifanayo ezifana nezidalwa zeso sihlandlo sasibe sisengozini enkulu kwiokhokho bethu abangenalo ulwazi lwezokwelapha kunye nezixhobo zobuchwepheshe ukulungisa ukulimala kwizilwanyana kunye nezinambuzane. Ngenxa yoko, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwanegalelo kwizinto ezixhomekeke ekubeni zisoyike ezi zidalwa.
Ophidiophobia
I-Ophidiophobia ukwesaba iinyoka. Le ndawo iqhelekile kwaye idla ngokuba yimbangela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, amava, okanye iimpembelelo zenkcubeko. Abanye bacacisa ukuba kuba iinyoka zambi zinobuhlungu, ookhokho abaye baphephe iingozi ezinjalo babenokukwazi ukuqhubeka baphile kwaye badlule iigciwane zabo. Kwisifundo se-35-abathathi-nxaxheba beentlanzi, nangona kunjalo, abaphandi bafumanisa ukuba kuphela abantu abathathu kuphela abaye babethwa yinyoka. Enyanisweni, uninzi lwabathathi-nxaxheba alinanto encinci okanye ayikho into ehambelanayo kunye nenyoka kunoma yimuphi umthamo.
Enye ingcamango ibonisa ukuba ukwesaba iinyoka kunye nezilwanyana ezifanayo kungabakho ukwesaba okubangelwa zizifo kunye nokungcola. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuba ezi zilwanyana zivame ukukhupha impendulo enganyanisekiyo, enokuthi uchaze ukuba kutheni i-phobias inyoka ixhaphakile kodwa abantu abavumi ukubonakalisa iifribi ezifana nezilwanyana ezinobungozi ezifana neengonyama okanye iibhere.
Acrophobia
I-Acrophobia , okanye ukwesaba iindawo eziphakamileyo, iimpembelelo eziqikelelwa ngabantu abayizigidi ezingama-23. Olu loyiko lunokubangela ukuhlaselwa kwexhala kunye nokuphepha kweendawo eziphakamileyo. Abantu abahluphekayo kule phobia bangaya kwiindawo ezide ukukhusela iindawo eziphakamileyo ezifana nezibhanti, iinqaba okanye izakhiwo ezide.
Nangona kwezinye iimeko, ukwesaba iindawo eziphakamileyo kunokubangelwa ngamava amaninzi, ukucinga kwangoku kubonisa ukuba lokoyiko luye lwaba luguquguquke kwimeko apho ukuwa kwiindawo eziphakamileyo kubangela ingozi enkulu. Nangona kuqhelekile ukuba abantu babe noloyiko oluthe xaxa xa befumana iindawo eziphakamileyo, uloyiko lubandakanya ukwesaba okukhulu oku kunokubangela ukuhlaselwa kwesoyiko kunye nokuziphatha okuphepha.
IAopopy
I-Aeroophobia , okanye ukwesaba ukuhamba ngeenqanawa, ithintela uqikelelo olulinganiselwa kubantu abayizigidi ezili-8 base-US nangona iingozi zeenqwelo zendiza ziqhelekanga. Ehlabathini eli-1 kubo bonke abantu aba-3 banesimo sokwesaba ukundiza. Ezinye zeempawu eziqhelekileyo ezihambelana nale ndawo ziquka ukuthuthumela, ukunyaniseka kwentliziyo, nokuziva kuphazamiseke.
Ukwesaba ngeendiza ngezinye iinkhathi kubangela ukuba abantu baphephe ukuhamba ngeendiza. Ngokuqhelekileyo kuphathwa ngokusetyenziswa kweyeza , apho umthengi ngokuthe ngcembe kwaye wazisa ngokuqhubekayo ukuhamba. Umntu angaqala ngokuzicinga nje ngelo moya ngaphambi kokuba asebenze ngokukhawuleza aze ahlale ephasini kwaye ekugqibeleni ahlale ehamba.
I-Cynophobia
Ukutshutshiswa , okanye ukwesaba izinja, kudla ngokudibanisa namava adibeneyo njengokwakheka yinja ebuntwaneni. Iziganeko ezinjalo zinokuba zibuhlungu kwaye zikhokelela ekuphenduleni ukwesaba okuza kudala.
Le ndawo ethile ingabonakala iyinto eqhelekileyo. Olunye uqikelelo lubonisa ukuba amaninzi angama-36 ekhulwini kubo bonke abantu abafuna unyango kwi-phobia ethile banaloyiko olukhulu lwezinja.
Le phobia ayiyinto eqhelekileyo yokukhathazeka yimizi engaqhelekanga; Uloyiko olungenangqiqo kunye nokugqithiseleyo olunokuthi lube nempembelelo enzulu kwimpilo yomntu kunye nokusebenza. Ngokomzekelo, umntu onalo phobia unokuziva ehluleka ukuhamba ngesitalato esithile kuba bayazi ukuba kukho inja ehlala kuloo mmandla. Oku kuphepha kunokuchaphazela amandla omntu wokusebenza kwimpilo yabo yemihla ngemihla kwaye kwenza kube nzima ukuya emsebenzini, esikolweni, nakweminye imicimbi ngaphandle kwekhaya.
Astraphobia
I-Astraphobia yinkwantyi yokuduma kwelanga. Abantu abaneli phobia baziva bexhala xa behlangabezana neziganeko ezinxulumene nemozulu.
Iimpawu ze-astraphobia zivame ukufana nezinye ze-phobias kwaye zibandakanya ukugubha, ukukhawuleza kwenhliziyo, nokunyusa ukuphefumula. Ngexesha lokuduma okanye isiphepho somlilo, abantu abanalo mkhuhlane bangaya kwiindawo ezide ukukhusela okanye ukufihla kwiimeko zemozulu ezifana nokufihla embhedeni phantsi kwengubo okanye ukukhwela ngaphakathi kwiplasita okanye kwindawo yokuhlambela.
Abantu abane-phobia nabo bathambekele ekuhlaleni ukuxhalaba ngokweqile kwimozulu. Basenokuchitha ixesha elininzi ngalunye suku ngokulandelela imozulu nendawo yesizwe ukuze ukwazi ukuba luphi uhlobo lwesiphepho esingenzeka. Kwezinye iziganeko, le phobia inokukhokelela kwi-agoraphobia apho abantu bayesaba ukuhlangabezana nombane okanye indudumo yokuba abakwazi ukushiya amakhaya abo.
Trypanophobia
I-Trypanophobia ukwesaba ijoyi, imeko enokubangela ukuba abantu bagwebe unyango kunye noogqirha. Njengama-phobias amaninzi, loloyiko luvame ukungaphathwa kakubi ngenxa yokuba abantu bayakuphepha into kunye neemeko. Iingqinisiso zibonisa ukuba amaninzi eepesenti ezili-10 zabantu base-US abachaphazelekayo ngoluhlobo lwe-phobia.
Xa abantu abaneli phobia kufuneka babe ne-injection, banokuvakalelwa ngesantya esikhulu kunye nezinga eliphezulu lentliziyo elikhokelela kwinkqubo. Abanye abantu baze baphume ngexesha lokujola. Ngenxa yokuba le mpawu ingabandezeleka, abantu bahlala bekhusela oogqirha, odokotela bamazinyo kunye nabanye abaqeqeshi bezonyango nangona bafumana uhlobo oluthile lokugula okanye ukugula.
I-Social Phobia (i-Social Concern Disorder)
I-social phobia iquka ukwesaba iimeko zentlalo kwaye ingaba nzima. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ezi phobias zinokuba nzima kakhulu ukuba abantu bagweme iziganeko, indawo kunye nabantu abangabangela ukuhlaselwa ngokuxhalabisa.
Abantu abaneli phobia besaba ukubukelwa okanye ukuthotywa phambi kwabanye. Kwaye imisebenzi eqhelekileyo, yemihla ngemihla efana nokutya ukutya kunokuxhalabisa. I-American Psychiatric Association ibika ukuba i-phobias yentlalo ihlala ikhula xa ikhulile kwaye ikwazi ukuhlala ubomi bonke ngaphandle kokuba iphathwa.
Ifom yezona ziqhelekileyo zentlalo yoluntu ukwesaba ukuthetha koluntu. Kwezinye iimeko, i-phobias yentlalo inokubangela ukuba abantu baphephe iimeko zentlalo kuquka isikolo kunye nomsebenzi, onokuba nempembelelo enkulu kwimpilo yomntu kunye nokukwazi ukusebenza.
Agoraphobia
I-Agoraphobia iquka ukwesaba ukuba yedwa kwimeko okanye kwindawo apho kungabikho nzima ukubaleka. Olu hlobo lwe-phobia lungabandakanywa ukwesaba iindawo ezininzi, izikhala ezivulekileyo, okanye iimeko ezinokubangela ukuhlaselwa kwe-panic. Abantu baya kuqala ukuphepha ezi ziganeko zokuqala, ngamanye amaxesha ukuya kwinqanaba lokuba bayeke ukushiya ikhaya labo ngokupheleleyo.
Phantse umntu wesithathu wabantu abaneengxaki zokuphazamiseka bavelise i-agoraphobia.
I-Agoraphobia idla ngokukhawuleza ngexesha eliphakathi kwexesha lokufikisa ekufikeni kwexesha leshumi kunye no-30s. I-American Psychiatric Association ibika ukuba iibini zesithathu zabantu abane-agoraphobia ngabafazi. Isifo sisoloko siqala ngokuhlaselwa ngokukhawuleza kunye nokungalindelekanga, oko kukukhokelela ekuxhalabeni malunga nokuhlaselwa kwesinye ukuhlaselwa.
I-Mysophobia
Ukuxhatshazwa kwam, okanye ukwesaba ngokugqithisileyo kweentsholongwane kunye nokungcola, kunokukhokelela abantu ukuba bahlambuluke ngokucokisekileyo, ukuhlamba izandla, kunye nokuphepha kwezinto ezibonakala zingcolileyo. Kwezinye iziganeko, le phobia inokuthi idibene neengxaki eziphosakeleyo .
Esi sifo esiqhelekileyo sinokubangela ukuba abantu baphephe ukudibanisa nabanye abantu ngenxa yokwesaba ukungcola, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwezifo ezibulala amagciwane, kunye nokukhathazeka ngokweqile kwiingxelo zeendaba malunga nokugqithwa kokugula. Abantu abane-phobia nabo banokuphepheka indawo apho i-germs zinokwenzeka ukuba zikhona njengamaofisi ogqirha, ii-airplanes, izikolo, kunye nama-pharmacy.
ILizwi
I-Phobiya yenye yezona ntlobo eziqhelekileyo zezifo zengqondo kwaye kunokudala ukuphazanyiswa okukhulu kumsebenzi womntu kunye nenhlalakahle. Ngenhlanhla, unyango olukhuselekileyo nolunefuthe lukhona oluya kubandakanya ukugula kwengqondo , unyango okanye ukudibana kokubili.
Ukunyanga okufanelekileyo kuxhomekeka kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo kuquka iimpawu kunye nobuqhamo be-phobia, ngoko kukulungele ukubonisana nodokotela wakho okanye ugqirha ukuze uphuhlise isicwangciso sonyango esisebenzela imeko ethile.
> Imithombo:
> I-American Psychiatric Association. I-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Disabilities (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: Ukushicilela i-Psychiatric yaseMerika; 2013.
> Davey, GCL, McDonald, AS, Hirisave, U, Prabhu, GG, Iwawaki, S, Jim, CI, Merckelbach, H, de Jong, PJ, Leaung, PWL, & Reimann, BC. Uluhlu lweZiko loLuntu lwezoLuntu. Indlela yokuziphatha kunye noPhando loPhando. 1998; 36: 735-750.
> Fredrikson, M, uAnas, P, Fischer, H, & Wik, G. Ubulili kunye nemibono yobudala kwixesha elibanzi loloyiko oluthile kunye neepbibias. Uphando loPhando kunye noPhando. 1996; 34 (1): 33-39.
> Kessler, RC, Chiu, WT, Demler, O, Merikangas, KR, & Walters, EE. Ubuninzi, ubunzima, kunye nokuxhatshazwa kweengxaki ze-DSM-IV zenyanga ezili-12 kwi-National Comorbidity Survey Replication. IiNqoloba zoLwazi lweZengqondo. 2005; 62 (2): 617-627.
> Rentz, TO, Amandla, MB, Smits, AJ, Cougle, JR, & Telch, MJ. Ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo okusebenzayo: ukuhlolwa kwindlela entsha yokuziphatha yokunyuka kwe-cynophobia (inja phobia). Uphando loPhando kunye noPhando. 2003; 41 (11): 1337-1353.