Ibhokisi le-Skinner, eyaziwa ngokuba yinkampani yokumisela imeko, yinto edibeneyo enefowuni okanye isitshixo ukuba isilwanyana singacinezela okanye sisebenzise ukuze sithole ukutya okanye amanzi njengolu hlobo lokuqiniswa.
Ephuhliswe yi- BF Skinner , le bhokisi yayinefowuni ebhaliweyo impendulo nganye eyenziwa yizilwanyana kwakunye neshedyuli ekhethekileyo yokuqiniswa kwesilwanyana.
I-Skinner yaphefumlelwa ukuba yenze ikamelo layo lokusebenza njengento yokwandiswa kweebhokisi zeepuzzles u-Edward Thorndike ayenziwa ngokugqithiseleyo kuphando lwakhe ngomthetho wokusebenza . U-Skinner ngokwakhe akazange abhekisele kule fowuni njengebhokisi le-Skinner, endaweni ekhetha igama elithi "ibhokisi lokukhupha."
Ibhokisi leZibumba lisetyenziswe njani?
Ngako-ke, ingcali zengqondo kunye nabanye abaphandi basebenzisa njani ibhokisi le-Skinner xa beqhuba uphando? Ukuqulunqwa kweebhokisi ze-Skinner kuyahluka kuye kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwesilwanyana kunye neziguquko zokulinga. Ibhokisi ibhokisi elibandakanya ubuncinane i-lever, ibhar, okanye iqhosha eliya kulusebenzisa.
Xa i-lever igxininiswe, ukutya, amanzi, okanye olunye uhlobo lokuqiniswa lunokuhanjiswa. Ezinye i-stimuli nazo zingaboniswa kubandakanywa izibane, izandi kunye nemifanekiso. Kwamanye amaxesha, umgangatho wegumbi unakho ukufakelwa umbane.
Yintoni eyona nto yayiyinjongo yebhokisi yesikhumba? Ukusebenzisa abaphandi beefowuni banokufunda ngokucophelela ukuziphatha kwindawo elawulwa kakhulu.
Ngokomzekelo, abaphandi bangasebenzisa ibhokisi le-Skinner ukuchonga ukuba yeyiphi i-shedyuli yokuqiniswa eyakhokelela kwizinga eliphezulu lokuphendula kwizifundo zezifundo.
Imizekelo yeeBhokisi eziPhezulu zisetyenziselwa uphando
Ngokomzekelo, cinga ukuba umphandi ufuna ukufumana ukuba yeyiphi i-shedyuli yokuqiniswa iya kubakho kwizinga eliphezulu lokuphendula.
Amajuba afakwa kwiindawo zokuhlala zenkampani kwaye afumana iplalet yokutya ukuze ahlasele kwi-key response. Amanye amajuba athola i-pellet kuyo yonke impendulo (ukuqiniswa okuqhubekayo) ngelixa abanye bafumana i-pellet kuphela emva kwexesha elithile okanye inani leempendulo ezenzekile (ukuqiniswa okuyingxenye).
Kwimi shedyuli yokuqinisa, amanye amajuba athola i-pellet emva kokuba ahlasele ezintlanu izihlandlo. Oku kuyaziwa njengeshedyuli esicwangcisiweyo . Amajuba kwelinye iqela lifumana ukuqiniswa emva kwenani elingaphethiyo leempendulo, eyaziwa ngokuba yiseshedyuli yexesha eliguqukayo . Sekunjalo, amajuba amaninzi anikwe i-pellet emva kwexesha elingu-10 elidlulileyo. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yixesha elimisiweyo . Kwinqanaba lokugqibela, amajuba anikwa ukuqiniswa ngexesha elingaphakathi kwexesha, eyaziwa ngokuba yiseshedyuli yexesha eliguqukayo .
Xa idatha ifumaneke kwizilingo kwiibhokisi ze-Skinner, abaphandi banokubheka izinga lokuphendula kwaye bachonge ukuba zeziphi iishedyuli ezikhokelela kwizinga eliphezulu kakhulu leempendulo.
Enye into ebalulekileyo ukuba uqaphele kukuba ibhokisi le-Skinner akufanele lidideke kunye nolunye lwezinto eziqulunqwe yi-Skinner, ithenda yomntwana. Kwisicelo somfazi wakhe, i-Skinner yakha isikhalazo esinomlilo esinefestile ye-plexiglass eyenzelwe ukuba iphephe ngaphezu kwezinye i-crib efumanekayo ngelo xesha.
Ukudideka ekusebenziseni isikhalazo kubangelwa ukuba kudideke kunye necebo lokulinga, okwenze ukuba abanye bakholelwe ukuba isikhalazo se-Skinner empeleni sasiyintlukwano yebhokisi le-Skinner.
Ngesinye isikhathi, i-rumor yasasazeka ukuba i-Skinner isetyenzisile isikhalazo kwiimvavanyo kunye nentombi yakhe, ekhokelela ekuzibulaleni kwakhe ngokuzenzekelayo. Ibhokisi le-Skinner kunye ne-baby baby crib yezinto ezihlukeneyo, kunye no-Skinner akazange enze iimvavanyo kwintombi yakhe okanye nge-crib, kwaye intombi yakhe ayithatha impilo yakhe.
Ibhokisi le-Skinner yaba yisixhobo esibalulekileyo ekufundeni ukuziphatha okufundiweyo kwaye negalelo elikhulu ekuqondeni kwethu imiphumo yokuqiniswa nokujeziswa.
Imithombo:
Schacter, DL, Gilbert, DT, & Wegner, DM (2011). Psychology. ENew York: Worth, Inc.
Skinner, BF (1983). Umcimbi weZiphumo. ENew York: uAlfred A. Knopf, Inc.