Elinye Ixesha leMeko yokuSebenza
Isimo se-Instrumental sisinye isigama se- conditioning esebenzayo , inkqubo yokufunda yokuqala ichazwe ngu- BF Skinner . Kwimeko yokusebenza, ukuqiniswa okanye isohlwayo kusetyenziswa ukwenyuka okanye ukunciphisa amathuba okuziphatha okuza kwenzeka kwakhona kwixesha elizayo.
Imizekelo ye-Instrumental Conditioning
Umzekelo, ukuba umfundi uyavuzwa ngokudumisa rhoqo xa ephakamisa isandla sakhe eklasini, uya kuba nako ukuphakamisa isandla kwakhona kwixesha elizayo.
Ukuba naye uphazamiseka xa uthetha ngokukhawuleza, uya kuba lula ukuphazamisa iklasi. Kule mizekelo, utitshala usebenzisa ukuqiniswa ukuqinisa ukuziphatha ngendlela yokukhusela izandla kunye nokujeziswa ukunciphisa ukuthetha ngokuziphatha kokujika.
Isimo se-Instrumental sisoloko sisetyenziselwa ukuqeqeshwa kwezilwanyana. Umzekelo, ukuqeqesha inja ukudibanisa izandla kunokubandakanya ukunikela umvuzo rhoqo ngexesha lokuziphatha okufunayo.
Imbali emfutshane ye-Instrumental Conditioning
Isazi sengqondo sengqondo u- EL Thorndike sasiyena ngowokuqala ukujonga impembelelo yokuqiniswa kwibhokisi lebhokisi lezilingo. Ngethuba le mivavanyo, uTyrndike wayegqala inkqubo yokufunda awayebhekisele kuyo ngokuthi "ukuvavanya-kunye nephutha" ukufunda.
Uvavanyo olubandakanya ukubeka ikati elambile kwibhokisi lepuzzlizi kunye nokuzikhulula ngokwaso, ikati kufuneka ibone indlela yokusinda ngayo. I-Thorndike yaqaphela ukuba kuthatha ixesha elide ukuthatha ikati ukuzikhulula ngokwabo kwilingo ngalinye lokulinga.
Ekuqaleni, iikati zibandakanya iindlela zokungaphumeleli, ukukhangela kunye nokumba kumacala okanye phezulu kwebhokisi. Ekugqibeleni, ityala-kunye nephuso yayiza kubangela ukuba iikati zitshintshe ngempumelelo okanye zitshintshe indlela yokuphepha. Emva kovavanyo olulandelelanayo, amakati asebenza ngaphantsi nangaphantsi kweendlela zokuphepha zokungaphumeleli kwaye ngokukhawuleza waphendula ngezenzo zokuphepha ezifanelekileyo.
I-Thorndike ibhekiswe ekubonweni kwayo njengoMthetho woMphumo . Amandla ompendulo atyuka xa ilandelwa ngokukhawuleza ngokuthi "ukwanelisekile" (ukuvuselela). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izenzo ezilandelwa yimiphumo emibi kakhulu ziyakuncipha.
Kwibhokisi lebhokisi lebhokisi leTrirndike, ukuphunyuka kwebhokisi kwakunelisayo. Njalo xa iikati ziphumelela ngokuphumelelayo kwibhokisi, ukuziphatha okuye kwangaphambi kokusinda kwakusomelezwa kwaye kuqiniswe.
Umsebenzi weTrirndike waba nempembelelo enkulu kwi-BF Skinner yophando olusemva kwimeko yokusebenza . I-Skinner yada yakha inguqu yakhe yebhodidi ye-Thorndike eyayibhekisela kuyo njengegumbi lokusebenza, eyaziwa njengebhokisi le- Skinner .
Indlela yokuSebenza kweeMpahla
I-Skinner ichonge iintlobo ezimbini ezibalulekileyo zokuziphatha. Uhlobo lokuqala luziphatha ngokuphendula. Ezi zizenzo nje ezenzeke ngokukhenkce ngaphandle kokufunda. Ukuba uthinta into eshushu, uya kuvula ngokukhawuleza isandla sakho ngokuphendula. Iimeko eziqhelekileyo zigxininisa kula ma phendula. Kwiindlela zikaPavlov zokufunda kunye neenja , ukukhawuleza ukunikezelwa kokutya kwaba ngummangalelwa. Ngokwenza umbutho phakathi kwesandi sensimbi kunye nokunikezwa kokutya, nangona kunjalo, uPavlov wakwazi ukuqeqesha izinja ukuba zenzeke ngokukhawuleza kweso sandi.
U-Skinner waqonda ukuba nangona imeko ye- classical ingachaza indlela abaziphatha ngayo abasabelayo abangakhokelela ekufundeni, akunakucingela yonke into yokufunda. Kunoko, wacetyiswa ukuba yimiphumo yezenzo zokuzithandela ezikhokelela ekufundeni okukhulu.
Uhlobo lwesibini lwendlela yokuziphatheka ngayo yiyo i-Skinner ekubhekiswe kuyo njengendlela yokuziphatha. Wachaza oku njengento nayiphi na indlela yokuziphatha ngokuzithandela eyenza ukusingqongileyo ukudala impendulo. Le yimiqathango yokuzithandela ephantsi kokulawula kwethu. Ezi zizinto ezinokuthi zifundwe. Imiphumo yezenzo zethu ithatha indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokufunda.
UkuQiniswa nokuGwetywa
I-Skinner ichonge iinkalo ezibini eziphambili kwinkqubo yokusebenza kwenkqubo. Ukuqinisekiswa kukunyusa ukuziphatha xa isohlwayo senza ukunciphisa ukuziphatha.
Kukho iintlobo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zokuqiniswa kunye neentlobo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zokujeziswa. Ukuqiniswa ngokufanelekileyo kubandakanya ukubonisa isiphumo esihle, njengokunika umntwana unyango emva kokucoca igumbi lakhe. Ukuqiniswa kakubi kukubandakanya ukususwa kwefuthe elingathandekiyo, njengokutshela umntwana ukuba uyadla zonke iitata zakhe ngoko akayi kuyidla i-broccoli. Ekubeni umntwana ebona i-broccoli isiphumo esingathandekiyo kunye nokutya iitatayi zikhokelela ekususweni kwesi sizathu esingathandekiyo, ukutya iiitatayi kuqinisekiswa kakubi.
Isijeziso esilungileyo kuthetha ukusetyenziswa kwesiganeko esingathandeki emva kokuziphatha. Ukupaka, umzekelo, ngumzekelo oqhelekileyo wezohlwayo ezilungileyo. Olu hlobo lohlwayo lubizwa ngokuba lujeziso ngesicelo. Imiphumo emibi isetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo ekunciphiseni ukuziphatha okungafunekiyo.
Ukugwetywa okubi kukuquka ukuthatha into emnandi emva kokuziphatha. Umzekelo, ukuba umntwana akakwazi ukucoca igumbi lakhe, abazali bakhe bangamxelela ukuba akakwazi ukuya kwintengiso kunye nabahlobo bakhe. Ukususa izenzo ezinqwenelekayo njengezenzo eziphambene nokuziphatha kwangaphambili.