Ukuqiniswa kakubi yithuba elichazwe nguBF Skinner kwingcamango yakhe yokusebenza kwesimo . Ukuqiniswa kakubi, impendulo okanye ukuziphatha kuqiniswa ngokuyeka, ukususa, okanye ukuphepha umphumo ongeyiphumo okanye ukuvuselela okuphazamisayo.
I-stimuli engapheliyo inokubandakanya uhlobo oluthile lokungahambi kakuhle, nokuba ngumzimba okanye wengqondo. Iimpazamo ziqiniswa kakubi xa zivumela ukuba ubalekele kwi-stimuli ephikisayo esele ikhoyo okanye ikuvumela ukuba ugweme ngokupheleleyo i-stimuli ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke.
Ukugqiba ukuthabatha inkunkuma ngaphambi kokuba usebenzise isidlo esiphunga umzekelo wokuqiniswa okungalunganga. Uthatha isenzo ukuze uphephe umphumo ongezantsi.
Enye yezona ndlela ezilungileyo zokukhumbula ukunyanzeliswa kakubi kukucinga ngento ekhutshwayo kwimeko. Xa ukhangeleka ngale ndlela, kuya kuba lula ukufumanisa imizekelo yokuqiniswa kakubi kwihlabathi lenene.
Imizekelo yokuKhuthazwa okuMbi
Funda ngakumbi ngokujonga le mizekelo elandelayo:
- Ngaphambi kokuba uphume ngosuku oluselunxwemeni, udibanisa kwi-sunscreen (ukuziphatha) ukuphepha ukutshisa ilanga (ukususwa kwe-stimulus).
- Unquma ukuhlambulula ukungcola kwakho ekhitshini (ukuziphatha) ukuphepha ukulwa nomntu ohlala naye (ukususwa kwe-stimulus).
- Ngomsolo ngoMsombuluko, ushiya indlu ekuqaleni (ukuziphatha) ukuphepha ukunyanzelwa kwendlela kunye nokukhawuleza emsebenzini (ukususwa kwe-stimulus).
- Ngethuba lesidlo, amathole abantwana kwaye enqaba nganye imifuno kwisitya sayo. Abazali bakhe bathabathe ngokukhawuleza. Ekubeni ukuziphatha (ukukhupha) kuholele ekususweni kwe-stimulus (i-veggies), lo mzekelo wokuqiniswa okungalunganga.
Ngaba unokufumanisa ukuqiniswa okungalunganga kule mzekelo nganye?
Ukutshatyalaliswa kwelanga, ukulwa nomntu ohlala naye kunye nokukhawuleza komsebenzi yizo zonke iziphumo ezibi eziye zagwetshwa ngokuqhuba ukuziphatha okuthile. Ngokuphelisa ezi ziphumo ezingathandekiyo, iimpawu zokuthintela zenzeke ukuba ziphinde ziphinde ziphinde ziphinde ziphinde ziphinde ziphinde ziphinde ziphinde ziphinde ziphinde ziphinde ziphinde ziphinde ziphinde zenzeke.
Ukunyanzeliswa kakubi nokuhlaselwa
Enye impazamo abantu abahlala besenzayo ididisa ukuqiniswa kakubi nokujeziswa. Khumbula, nangona kunjalo, ukuqiniswa okubi kukubandakanya ukususwa kwesimo esibi ukuqinisa ukuziphatha. Ngesinye icala, kubandakanya ukubonisa okanye ukuthatha ukuvuselela ukuziphatha.
Cinga ngomzekelo olandelayo uze unqume ukuba ucinga ukuba ngumzekelo wokuqiniswa okanye ukuhlwaywa kakubi:
U-Timmy ufanele uhlambulule igumbi lakhe njalo ngoMgqibelo ekuseni. Kwiveki yokugqibela, waphuma waya kudlala nomhlobo wakhe ngaphandle kokucoca igumbi lakhe. Ngenxa yoko, uyise wayenza ukuba achithe yonke impelaveki enze enye imisebenzi efana nokucoca igaraji, ukutshiza umtshini, kunye nokutshaya umyezo, ngaphezu kokucoca igumbi lakhe.
Ukuba uthe le nguyomzekelo wokujeziswa , ngoko uchanekile. Ngenxa yokuba uTimmy akazange ahlambulule igumbi lakhe, uyise wajezisa ngokuqhuba imisebenzi engakumbi.
Ukuba uzama ukwahlula phakathi kokuqiniswa okanye ukungathotywanga, cinga ukuba kukho into eyongeziweyo okanye isuswa kwiimeko. Ukuba kukho into eyongeziweyo okanye isetyenziswe njengesiphumo sokuziphatha, ngoko ngumzekelo wokujeziswa. Ukuba into isuswe ukwenzela ukuphepha okanye ukukhulula umphumo ongafunekiyo, ngoko ngumzekelo wokuqiniswa kakubi kwisenzo.
Xa Ukunyanzeliswa Kwenyantsi Kuninzi Kunempumelelo?
Ukuqiniswa kakubi kunokuba yindlela efanelekileyo yokuqinisa ukuziphatha okufunwayo. Nangona kunjalo, iphumelela kakhulu xa i-reinforcers ihanjiswa ngokukhawuleza emva kokuziphatha.
Xa ixesha elide lidlula phakathi kokuziphatha kunye nokuqiniswa, impendulo iyakunobuthathaka. Kwezinye iimeko, iziganeko ezenzeka ngexesha lokungena phakathi kwezenzo zokuqala kunye ne-reinforcer nazo zinganakomelezwa ngokunjalo.
Ezinye iingcali zikholelwa ukuba ukuqinisekiswa okungafanelekanga kufuneka kusetyenziswe ngokukhawuleza kwisetyenzi samagumbi okufundela, ngelixa ukuqinisekiswa okuqinisekileyo kufuneka kugxininiswe. Nangona ukuqinisekiswa okungalunganga kunokuvelisa iziphumo ezikhawulezileyo, kuya kulungeleka ukusetyenziswa kwexesha elifutshane.
Uhlobo lokuqiniswa olusetyenziswayo lubalulekile, kodwa ubukhulu kunye neshedyuli esisetyenzisiweyo nendima enkulu kwinxaxheba yempendulo. Ishedyuli yokuqiniswa esetyenzisiweyo ingaba nempembelelo ebalulekileyo kungekhona nje ngokukhawuleza ukuziphatha okufundwayo, kodwa nangamandla okuphendula.
> Imithombo:
> Coon, D & Mitterer, JO. Isingeniso kwiSkychology: Ingenelelo kwengqondo nokuziphatha. EBelmont, CA: iWadsworth Cengage Learning; 2010.
> Domjan, MP. Imigaqo yokuFunda nokuziphatha: i-Active Learning Edition. EBelmont, CA: iWadsworth Cengage Learning; 2010.