Isigaba 3 soPhuhliso lwezeNtlalo
Isilathiso ngokuchasene netyala yisigaba sesithathu senkolelo ka- Erik Erikson yokuphuhliswa kwengqondo . Eli nqanaba lwenzeka ngexesha leminyaka yokuqala, phakathi kweminyaka engama-3 no-5. Ngelo nyathelo kunye nenkcazo yecala, abantwana baqala ukubonisa amandla abo nokulawula ihlabathi ngokulawula umdlalo kunye nokunye ukusebenzisana nentlalontle.
Masiqwalasele ngokuthe ngqo ezinye zeziganeko ezibalulekileyo ezenzeka kweli nqanaba lokuphuhliswa kwengqondo.
Uqwalaselo olukhawulezayo
- Ulwaphulo-mthetho lwengqondo: Ulungelelaniso oluchasene nokuLungiswa
- Umbuzo Omkhulu: "Ngaba ndingumhle okanye mbi?"
- Ubuhle obuyisiseko: Injongo
- Iziganeko ezibalulekileyo: Ukuhlola, Dlala
Ukuqwalasela ngokugqithiseleyo isicwangciso sokuqala kunye neSigaba soBungqina
Ngokomxholo ka-Erikson, amanyathelo amabini okuqala okuphuhliswa kwabantwana akhathazekile ngokuthembana nokungaqiniseki nokuzimela ngokumalunga nokuhlazeka nokungabaza. Ngethuba la maxesha amabini okuqala, ugxininiso kubantwana abenza umgangatho wokuthembela kwihlabathi kunye neemvakalelo zokuzimela nokuzimela. Isiqendu ngasinye salezi zigaba zidlala indima kwizigaba ezizayo eziza kulandela.
Kubanjengokuba abantwana bangena kwiminyaka yokufundela ukuba baqale isigaba sesithathu sokuphuhliswa kwengqondo kwengqondo ngokugxilwe kwinqanaba kunye necala. Ukuba baphumelele ngokugqibeleleyo amanyathelo amabini angaphambili, abantwana namhlanje banengqiqo yokuba ihlabathi linokuthenjwa kwaye banako ukwenza ngokuzimela. Ngoku kubalulekile ukuba abantwana bafunde ukuba banokwenza amandla phezu kwabo kunye nehlabathi.
Kufuneka bazame izinto ngokwabo baze bahlolisise ngamakhono abo. Ngokwenza oku, banokuhlakulela isifuba nesikhokelo.
Ngaba abantwana baQulunqa njani iqhinga?
Abantwana kufuneka baqale ukuqinisekisa ukulawula kunye namandla phezu kwendalo ngokuthatha inyathelo ngemisebenzi yocwangciso, ukufeza imisebenzi kunye nemingeni ejongene nayo.
Ngeli nqanaba, kubalulekile ukuba abanonophelo bakhuthaze ukuhlola kunye nokunceda abantwana benze ukhetho olufanelekileyo. Abanakekeli abakhathazekayo okanye abalahlayo banokubangela ukuba abantwana bazive benetloni kwaye baxhomekeke ngokunyanisekileyo ngoncedo lwabanye.
Eli nqanaba ngamanye amaxesha lingaba lusizi kubazali nabanakekeli njengoko abantwana beqala ukulawula ngakumbi izinto ezichaphazela ubomi babo. Ezi zigqibo zinokuthi zivela kubahlobo abadlala nabo, imisebenzi ababandakanyekayo, nendlela abaya kuyo imisebenzi eyahlukileyo. Abazali nabanye abantu abadala bangathanda ukukhokela abantwana kubahlobo abathile, imisebenzi, okanye ukhetho, kodwa abantwana banokumelana nokunyanzelisa ukukhetha kwabo. Nangona oku kungakhokelela kwimpikiswano ethile ngabazali ngamanye amaxesha, kubalulekile ukunika abantwana ithuba lokukhetha okunjalo. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuba abazali baqhubeke nokunyanzelisa imida ephephile kwaye bakhuthaze abantwana ukuba benze ukhetho olufanelekileyo ngokusebenzisa umzekelo nokuqiniswa .
Njengoko ucinga ukuba, ukudlala kunye nokucinga kuthatha indima ebalulekileyo kweli nqanaba. Abantwana banengqondo yeqhinga lokuqiniswa ngokunikezwa inkululeko kunye nokukhuthaza ukuba badlale.
Xa iinzame zokuzibandakanya emdlalweni wezinto eziphathekayo kunye nezicatshulwayo zixhaswa ngabanonophelo, abantwana baqala ukuvakalelwa ukuba imizamo yabo yokuzihlawulela iyimvelaphi yokuhlazeka. Abantwana abalawulwa ngaphaya kwabadala banokuzabalazela ukuhlakulela ingqiqo kunye nokuzithemba ngamakhono abo.
Ukuphumelela kweli nqanaba kukhokelela kwinjongo yeenjongo, ngelixa ukuhluleka kubangela ukuba unetyala. U-Erikson uthetha ngetyala? Okubalulekileyo, abantwana abangaphumeleli ukuphuhlisa umgangatho weqhinga kweli nqanaba banokuvela ngenxa yokwesaba ukuzama izinto ezintsha. Xa beqhuba imizamo ethile kwinto ethile, banokuvakalelwa kukuba benza into engalunganga.
Ngelixa iimpazamo zingenakupheka ebomini, abantwana abaneqhinga baya kuqonda ukuba iimpazamo zenzeka kwaye bafuna ukuzama kwakhona. Abantwana abanamava baya kutshintsha iipazamo njengophawu lokungaphumeleli komntu, kwaye banokushiywa ngengqiqo yokuba "babi."
> Imithombo:
> Erikson, EH Ubuntwaneni kunye noMbutho. (I-2nd ed.). ENew York: Norton; 1963.
> Erikson, EH Identity: Ulutsha kunye neNtlekele. ENew York: Norton; 1968.