Ukufunda ukuzimela
Ukuzimela ngokumalunga nokuhlazeka kunye nokungathandabuzeki kuyinqanaba lesibini lamazinga ka- Erik Erikson wokuphuhliswa kwengqondo . Eli nqanaba lwenzeka phakathi kweenyanga ezili-18 ukuya kwi-2 okanye iminyaka engama-3. Ngokwe-Erikson, abantwana kweli nqanaba bajolise ekuphuhliseni umqondo omkhulu wokuzithiba.
Masiqwalasele ngokukodwa ezinye zeziganeko eziphambili kule nqanaba lophuhliso lwengqondo.
Ingqiqo ye-Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt Step
Eli nqanaba lesibini lokuphuhliswa kwengqondo lenziwa:
- Ulwaphulo lwengqondo: Ukuzimela kunye nokuhlazeka kunye nokungabaza
- Umbuzo Omkhulu: "Ngaba ndinokwenza izinto ngokwam okanye ndixhomekeke kuncedo lwabanye?"
- Ubuhle Basisiseko: Ngaba
- Iimviwo ezibalulekileyo: Ukuqeqeshwa kwe-Toilet
Ukuzimela nokuzihlaziya kunye nokungaqiniseki Ukwakha kwiSigaba esedlule
Ingcamango ka-Erikson yokuphuhliswa kwengqondo yecandelo ichaza uluhlu lwezifundo ezisibhozo ezenzekayo kwixesha lokuphila. Isigaba sokuqala sokuphuhlisa, ukuthembela ngokungaqiniseki, ngokuphathelele ukuphuhlisa umgangatho wokuzithemba ngehlabathi. Isigaba esilandelayo, ukuzimela ngokumelene neentloni kunye nokungathandabuzeki, ukwakha kweso sigaba sangaphambili kwaye kuseke isiseko sezithuba ezizayo.
Yintoni eyenzeka Ngeli nqanaba
Ukuba ungumzali okanye ukuba uke wathintana nomntwana phakathi kweenyanga ezili-18 kunye neminyaka emithathu, mhlawumbi uye wambona ezininzi iimpawu zokuzimela ngokumalunga neentloni kunye nokungathandabuzeki kwinqanaba.
Kulo phuhliso ekuphuhliseni ukuba abantwana abancinci baqala ukubonisa isidingo esikhulu sokuzimela nokuzilawula kwabo kunye nehlabathi elibangqongileyo.
Ukufumana ulawulo lomntu kwihlabathi kubalulekile kweli nqanaba lophuhliso. Uqeqesho lwe-Toilet ludlala indima enkulu; Ukufunda ukulawula imisebenzi yomzimba kubangela uvakalelo lokulawula kunye nesimo sokuzimela.
Ukuqeqeshwa kwamanzi okuphumelelayo kunokunceda abantwana kweli nqanaba lophuhliso bafumane umqondo omkhulu wokuzimela. Abo bafunda ukusebenzisa indlu yangasese baziva beqinisekile ngokwabo.
Iingxaki zokuqeqeshwa ngamanzi zingashiya abantwana bazive bengathandabuzeki ngamakhono abo kwaye kunokubangela ukuba bazive benamahloni.
Ezinye iziganeko ezibalulekileyo ziquka ukufumana ulawulo oluphezulu malunga nokukhetha ukutya, ukukhethwa kweetokethi kunye nokukhethwa kwengubo.
Abantwana kule minyaka baqhubeka bezimeleyo kwaye bafuna ukufumana ukulawula okungakumbi malunga noko bakwenzayo nendlela abazenza ngayo. Abantwana kweli nqanaba lophuhliso bavame ukuziva ukuba kufuneka benze izinto ngokuzimela, njengokukhetha izinto abaza kuzinxiba imihla ngemihla, ukugqoka iimpahla zabo, nokugqiba oko baya kudla. Ngoxa le nto inokubangela ukuphazamiseka kubazali kunye nabanonophelo, kuyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokuphuhlisa ukuzithiba nokuzimela.
Abantwana abagqibeleleyo ukugqiba eli nqanaba baziziva bekhuselekile kwaye banokuzithemba, ngelixa abo bangashiyikanga bengenakuzithemba nokuzithemba.
> Imithombo:
> Erikson, EH. Ubuntwana kunye noMbutho. Wesi-2. ENew York: Norton; 1963.
Erikson, EH. Ubume: Ulutsha kunye neNtlekele. ENew York: Norton; 1968.