Ukufunda ukuthembela kwihlabathi elisijikelezayo
Ithemba lokungathembeki kwinqanaba lokuqala lokusebenza kwengqondo kwengqondo ye- Erik Erikson yokuphuhliswa kwengqondo, eyenzeka phakathi kokuzalwa kunye neenyanga ezili-18 ubudala. Ngokwe-Erikson, ukuthembela kokungathembeki kwithuba elibaluleke kakhulu ebomini bomntu kuba lulo lombono wethu wehlabathi, kunye nobuqu bethu.
Ingcamango yeTrust neTrust Trust
Eli nqanaba lokuqala lokuphuhliswa kwengqondo liquka:
- Ulwaphulo lwengqondo: Inkolelo ngokungaqiniseki
- Umbuzo Omkhulu: "Ngaba ndiyathemba abantu abajikelezile?"
- Ubuhle Basisiseko: Ithemba
- Isiganeko esibalulekileyo (s): Ukutya
Yintoni eyenzeka Ngeli nqanaba
Kule nqanaba lokuqala lophuhliso abantwana bafunda ukuba ngaba bangayithemba ihlabathi. Njengoko unokuyifumanisa, yinkathalo abayifumana kubazali babo nakwabanye abantu abadala ukuba kubalulekile ukudala le themba.
Ngenxa yokuba umntwana usuxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kunabanakekeli bakhe, umgangatho wokunyamekela umntwana awuthola indima ebalulekileyo ekubunjweni komntu wengane. Ngeli nqanaba, abantwana bafunda ukuba okanye abanako ukuthemba abantu ababajikelezile. Xa umntwana ekhala, ngaba umnyamekeli wakhe uya kwiimfuno zakhe? Xa eyika, ngaba umntu uya kumthuthuzela? Xa elambile, ingabe ufumana ukutya kwabo banakekeli?
Amandla omntwana okuthetha kunye neemfuno zakhe aphelelanga, ngoko ukukhala kuphethe umyalezo obalulekileyo. Xa umntwana ekhala, kukho imfuno ekufuneka ihlangane kunye nempendulo evela kubaxhasi, nokuba kubandakanya ukubonelela ukutya, ukhuseleko, i-diaper entsha, okanye i-cuddle. Ngokuphendula ngokukhawuleza nangokufanelekileyo ukukhala komntwana, isiseko sokwethenjwa sisisiseko.
Xa ezi zidingo zihambelana ngokufanayo, umntwana uya kufunda ukuba unokuthembela kubantu abamkhathalelayo. Ukuba ke, nangona kunjalo, ezi zidingo azihambelani ngokukhawuleza, umntwana uya kuqala ukungathembeki kubantu abakujikelezile.
Ukuba umntwana uphumelela ukuthembela, uya kuziva ekhuselekileyo kwihlabathi. Abanakekeli abanokungahambelani, abanokwakheka ngokomzwelo, okanye ukukhanyela umntwana banengcinezelo yokungathembeki kubantwana abayinyamekelayo. Ukungaphumeleli ukuphuhlisa ukuthembela kunokubangela ukwesaba kunye nenkolelo yokuba ihlabathi alihambelani kwaye alinganiseki.
U-Erikson ukholelwa ukuba le ndlela yamandulo yokuthembela okanye ukungathembeki kukunceda ukulawula, okanye ubuncinci, ibe nempembelelo enamandla ekusebenzisaneni komntu kunye nentsalela yobomi bakhe. Abo bafunda ukuthembela abanononophelo abasesebuntwaneni kuya kuba baninzi ukudala ubudlelwane nabanye abantu ngexesha lonke lobomi babo, u-Erikson ukholelwa.
Ithemba lingaba yi-Genetic
Kukho iiphononongo ezininzi ezizinikele ekuqondeni oko kuhamba ekuthambekeni kokuthembela, kodwa kungabi phantse kwiqela elifuna ukuqonda ukuba kutheni abantu abathile bengathembeki ngakumbi kwabanye. Kucacile ukuba indawo inendima enkulu kubo bobabini, njengoko u-Erikson athi.
Olunye uphando olutshanje olwenziwa ngamawele amabhinqa, bobabini obufanayo kunye nobudlelwane, bubonisa ubungqina ukuba ngelixa ubuntu obuthembayo bubonakala bubuncinane kwizinto zofuzo, ukungathembeki okanye ukungazithembi kubonakala kufundiswa kwintsapho nakwezinye iziphumo zentlalo.
Ezinye iiNqanaba zoPhuhliso lwezeNtlalo
I- theory ye-psychology ye- developmentory theory inezinye izigaba ezisixhenxe ezithatha ixesha lokuphila komntu. Ziquka:
- Isigaba sesi-2: Ukuzimela ngokumalunga neentloni kunye nokungabaza (iminyaka emi-2 ukuya kwe-3)
- Isigaba sesi-3: Isilathiso ngokuchasene netyala (iminyaka engama-3 ukuya kweyimi-5)
- Isigaba se-4: Icandelo elibhekiselele kumgangatho ongaphantsi (iminyaka engama-6 ukuya kwe-11)
- Isigaba sesi-5: Ubume malunga nokudideka (iminyaka eyi-12 ukuya kwe-18)
- Isigaba 6: Ukusondelana nokuxhomekeka (iminyaka engama-19 ukuya kwimi-40)
- Isigaba sesi-7: Ukudala ukudala kunye nokuhlaselwa (iminyaka engama-40 ukuya kwiminyaka engama-65)
- Isigaba sesi-8: Ukunyaniseka nokuphelelwa yithemba (iminyaka engama-65 nangaphezulu)
> Imithombo:
> Erikson, EH. Ubuntwana kunye noMbutho. ENew York: WW Norton & Inkampani; 1993.
> Reimann, M, Schilke, O, Cook, KS. Ukuthembela Kulungile, Nangona Ukungathembeki Akunjalo. Iinkqubo ze-National Academy of Sciences e-United States of America. 2017; 114 (27): 7007-7012.