Kuyinto eyintandokazi yenkcubeko ye-pop-kwaye inxalenye ebalulekileyo yokuxazulula ulwaphulo-mthetho
Inzululwazi ye-Forensic iyisithi eshushu. Cinga ngazo zonke iincwadi, iifilimu, kunye nemiboniso yethelevishini malunga nendlela yokuphonononga kwiingcinga ezingemva kwezophulo-mthetho kunokubanceda ukuzisombulula nokuzisa ubulungisa kumaxhoba. Kodwa ngenxa yokuthandwa kwayo kwimidiya, i-psychological forensic idlala indima ebalulekileyo ebomini bokwenene. Nanku ukukhangela kwindlela olu khetho olukhethileyo kwintsimi yengqondo.
Uphando loPhando kwi-Psychology
Imbewu yokuqala yeengqondo zengqondo yatsalwa ngo-1879, xa uWilhelm Wundt , edlalwa ngokuba nguyise weengqondo, wasungula ibha yokuqala eJamani. Ukususela kuWundt, insimba yeengqondo zengqondo iqhutywe, kunye negalelo ngezinye ezininzi iingcali.
Ngokomzekelo, uJacob McKeen Cattell , wenza olunye uphando malunga nengqondo. Wacela uluhlu lwemibuzo kubafundi base-Columbia University, ebacela ukuba banike impendulo kunye nokulinganisa izinga labo lokuzithemba kwimpendulo yabo. Ufumene umlinganiselo omangalisayo wokungacacanga, ugqugquzela ezinye izazi zengqondo ukuba zizenzele iimvavanyo zazo zobufakazi bokuzibonela. Nangona ababonela ubungqina bengamaqiniseko ngokwabo, oku kwaphakamisa imiba enzulu malunga nokusebenza kwabo kwintlanganiso enkundleni.
Uphefumulelwe ngumsebenzi kaCattell, u- Alfred Binet wachaza uphando lukaCatter kwaye wafunda iziphumo zenye iimvavanyo zengqondo ezisebenzisayo kumthetho nobulungisa bobugebengu.
Umsebenzi wakhe ekuhlolweni kweengqondo kwakubalulekile ekuphuhlisweni kweengqondo zengqondo, ezininzi izixhobo zokuvavanya ezizayo zisekelwe kumsebenzi wakhe.
Isazi sengqondo sengqondo uWilliam Stern saphinda safunda ubuchule beemangqina ukukhumbula ulwazi. Kwesinye sezilingo zakhe, wacela abafundi ukuba batshwankathe ingxabano ababeyifumana phakathi kwabo babini esikolweni.
Iimpembelelo ezithe zafunyanwa zaziqhelekile phakathi kwamangqina kwaye zagqitywa ukuba iimvakalelo zomntu zinokuchaphazela indlela eyikhumbula ngayo izinto. I-Stern yaqhubela phambili ukufundisisa imiba enxulumene nobungqina benkundla kwaye kamva yasungula iphepha lokuqala lezemfundo elinikezelwe kwi-psychology yesicelo.
I-Psychology Forensic kwiiNkundla
Ngeli xesha, iingcali zengqondo zaqala ukusebenza njengamaNgqina angamaNgqina kwiimeko ezibugebengu kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Ngowe-1896, isazi sengqondo segama likaAlbert von Schrenck-Notzing wabonisa ubungqina bolubulali malunga neempembelelo zokubonisa ubungqina kwiingqina zobungqina.
Inkolelo yengqondo yaseJamani-yaseMelika uHugo Munsterberg yokuba inzululwazi yayinezinto ezisebenzayo kwimihla ngemihla nayo yabangela ukuphuhliswa kwengqondo yengqondo. Ngomnyaka we-1908, iMunsterberg yashicilela "Kwi-Stand Stand," incwadi ekhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwengqondo kwizinto zomthetho.
Isaziso sengqondo seStanford uLee Terman saqalisa ukusebenzisa i-psychology ekunyanzelweni komthetho ngo-1916. Emva kokuphonononga uvavanyo lwe-Binet, uvavanyo olutsha lwaseStanford-Binet luye lwasetyenziswa ukuvavanya ingqiqo yabaviwa bezithuba zokunyanzelwa komthetho.
Ngomnyaka we-1917, isazi sezengqondo seWilliam Marston safumanisa ukuba uxinzelelo lwegazi lwe-systolic lwaluyilungano oluqinileyo lokuxoka.
Oku kufumanisa koko kuya kubakhokelela ekuyiyilwe kwipolisi ye-polygraph yanamhlanje.
UMarston wangqina ngo-1923 kwimeko kaFrye v. United States. Le meko ibalulekile kuba yenze umzekelo wokusetyenziswa kweengcali zamatyala enkundleni. INkundla yeNkundla yeziBheno izimisele ukuba inkqubo, ubuchule okanye uvavanyo kufuneka zamukelwe ngokubanzi ngaphakathi kwintsimi yayo ukuze zisetyenziswe njengobufakazi.
I-Psychology Forensic iyavalwa
Ukukhula okuphawulekayo kwi-Psychology yezobugcisa kwakungenzekanga de emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Iingcali zengqondo zasebenza njengamaNgqina engcali, kodwa kuphela kwizilingo ezingazange zithathwe njengephulwa kwiingcali zonyango, ezabonakala zingamangqina athembekileyo.
Kwimeko ye-1940 ye-People v. Hawthorne, iinkundla zigweba ukuba umgangatho wamangqina onobuchule uxhomekeke ekubeni ubungqina obunjani malunga nesifundo, kungekhona ukuba umntu unesidanga sezonyango.
Kwimeko ephawulekayo ye-1954 yeBrown v. IBhodi yeMfundo, ezininzi iingcali zeengqondo zafakazela abachasi kunye nabachasayo. Kamva, inkundla inika inkxaso kwiingcali zeengqondo ezikhonza njengengcali yengqondo yengqondo kwimeko kaJenkins v.
I-Psynsicology ye-Forensic iye yaqhubeka ikhula kwaye iguquke kwimihla emithathu edluleyo. Inani elinyukayo leeprogram ezigqwesileyo linikeze iidridi ezimbini kwizesengqondweni nangomthetho, ngelixa abanye banikela ngee-degrees ezizodwa zigxininisa ingqondo yengqondo. Ngomnyaka we-2001, uMbutho wezeMpilo waseMelika waqaphela ngokusemthethweni i-psychological forensic njenge-specializing in psychology.
Imithombo:
Bartol, CR, & Bartol, AM "Imbali ye-Psychology." I-Handbook of Forensic Psychology (iphe 1-27). 2005. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
ICattell, JM "Imilinganiselo yokuchaneka kokuKhumbula." ISayensi , ngo-Dec 6, 1895; 2 (49): 761-6.
Stern, LW "I-Psychology of Testimony." I-Journal ye-Psychology engaqhelekanga kunye neNtlalo. 1939; 34 (1); 3-20.