Ukulimala Kwakhe Kukhokelela kwiiNtsholongwane ezintsha kwi-Neuroscience
UFineas Gage udla ngokubhekwa njengenye yezigulane ezidumileyo kwi-neuroscience. Wayevalelwa ngxakeka ebuchosheni bentliziyo xa intonga yentsimbi yaqhutyelwa kuyo yonke ikheyi yakhe, yabhubhisa i -lobe yakhe yangaphambili . UGage ngokuyisimangaliso wasinda kuloo ngozi kodwa watshintsha kakhulu ngenxa yoko abaninzi abahlobo bakhe bamchaza njengomntu ohluke ngokupheleleyo.
Ingozi kaPineas Gage
NgoSeptemba 13, 1848, uGage owayeneminyaka engama-25 ubudala wayesebenza njengombonisi wabasebenzi abalungiselela umbhede wesitimela ngaseCavendish, eVermont. Wayeyisebenzisa intonga yentsimbi yokupakisha ipakishe yokuqhuma emngxeni. Ngelishwa, i-powder ichithekile, ithumela ii-intshi ezingama-43 ubude kunye nentonga ye-1.25-intshi ubude bukhupha phezulu. Intonga yangena kwihlama likaGage elisekhohlo, lahlutha ngengqondo yakhe, yaphuma ingqayi yakhe ngaphambi kokuba ihambe ngamanqina angama-80.
UGage akagcinanga nje kuphela ukulimala kokuqala kodwa wakwazi ukuthetha nokuhamba kwinqwelo ephakathi ukuze athathwe edolophini ukuze abonwe ngugqirha. UDkt. Edward H. Williams, ugqirha wokuqala ukuba aphendule kamva uchaze oko akufumene:
"Ndabona okokuqala isilonda phezu kwentloko ngaphambi kokuba ndihambe ukusuka kwinqwelo yam, ukukhupha kwengqondo kubonakala ngokucacileyo. UMnu Gage, ngeli xesha ndihlolisisa le nxeba, wayethetha ngendlela ayenzakeleyo ngayo kwabameli U-Gage waphikelela ekutshilo ukuba ibha yahamba ekhanda lakhe ... UMnu G. wasukuma waza wahlanza; umgudu wokuhlanza uphantswe malunga nesiqingatha ukuxilongwa kwengqondo, eyawa phantsi. "
Kungekudala emva koko, uDkt. John Martyn Harlow wathatha icala. Kungenxa yokuqwalaselwa kukaHarlow kokulimala kunye nokuchazwa kwayo kamva kweenguqu zeengqondo zikaGage ezibonelela ngolwazi oluphambili esilwaziyo ngoku. UHarlow wachaza okokuqala emva kwengozi ngokuthi "ngokoqobo enye yegazi".
Kamva kwenkcazo epapashwe kwimeko, uHarlow wabhala ukuba iGage wayesazi kakuhle kamva kusihlwa waza wakwazi ukubalisa amagama abo basebenzisana nabo. UGage waze wacetyiswa ukuba akafuni ukubona abahlobo bakhe ekubeni uya kubuya emsebenzini "ngosuku okanye ezimbini" nangona kunjalo.
Emva kokuphuhlisa intsholongwane, iGage yachithwa ngoSeptemba 23 ukuya ku-Oktobha 3 kwilizwe eliphakathi. Ngo-Oktobha 7, wathatha amanyathelo akhe okuqala ebhedini kwaye ngo-Oktobha 11 ukusebenza kwakhe kwengqondo kwaqala ukuphucula. UHarlow wathi uGage wayesazi ukuba ixesha elidlulileyo liye lavela yengozi kwaye wakhumbula ngokucacileyo ukuba kwenzeka njani ingozi, kodwa kunzima ukuqikelela ubungakanani kunye nemali yemali. Ngenyanga, iGage yayize iphume ngaphandle kwendlu kunye nesitalato.
Imva
Kwiinyanga ezalandelayo, uGage wabuyela kwikhaya lomzali wakhe eNew Hampshire ukuba abuyele. Xa uHarlow ebona uGage kwakhona kunyaka olandelayo, ugqirha wathi xa uGage elahlekelwe umbono kwiso lakhe kwaye wasala ngeempawu ezibonakalayo kwingozi, wayenempilo emzimbeni kwaye wabonakala efunyanwa.
Awukwazi ukubuyela emsebenzini wakhe woololiwe, uGage uqhube uchungechunge lwemisebenzi kuquka nokusebenza kwisigxina se-livery, umqhubi we-stagecoach eChile, kunye nomsebenzi wasefama eCalifornia.
Iingxelo ezigqithiseleyo zikaGage zidla ngokumchaza njengomntu osebenza nzima, indoda enomdla ngaphambi kwengozi. Emva kwengozi, ezi ngxelo zichaza njengomntu otshintshileyo, ebonisa ukuba ukulimala kuye kwayitshintsha ibe yindoda enxilisayo eyayingenakukwazi ukubamba umsebenzi.
Ngaba ubuGage bunobuntu buguqukile njengoko ezinye zeengxelo emva kokufa kwakhe zithi? Ubungqina bubonisa ukuba ezininzi iimpembelelo ezibangelwa yengozi ziye zagqithiswa kwaye ukuba ngokwenene usebenza kakhulu kunokuba kubikwe ngaphambili.
UHarlow wabonisa i-akhawunti yokuqala yeenguqu kwiindlela zikaGage emva kwengozi:
Ngaphambi kokulimala kwakhe, nangona engafundanga ezikolweni, wayenengqondo enokulinganisela kakuhle, kwaye wayejongwa ngabo baziyo njengomntu okhaliphile, oshishino, onamandla kwaye ephikelela ekusebenzeni zonke izicwangciso zakhe zokusebenza. Ngaloo nto ingqondo yakhe yayitshintshile ngokugqithiseleyo, ngoko ke isigqibo sokuba abahlobo bakhe nabahlobo bakhe bathi 'akasekho iGage.'
Ekubeni kukho ubungqina obuncinci bokuba i-Gage yenzakele ngaphandle kwengxelo kaHarlow, kunzima ukwazi kakuhle indlela ingqondo yakhe eyonakaliswe ngayo. Iingxelo zeHarlow zibonisa ukuba ukulimala kwakhokelela ekulahlekelweni kwe-social inhibition, ekhokelela uGage ukuba aziphathe ngendlela ezabonakala zingalunganga.
Ubunzima Kangakanani Ubunzima Bobunzima bePineas Gage?
Ngophando luka-1994, abaphandi basebenzisa iindlela zobuchule bokuvuselela i-gage ye-gaze kunye nokuchonga ukubeka ngokuthe ngqo ukulimala. Ukufunyaniswa kwabo kubonakalisa ukuba wayexinzeleleke kokubini kwesokunxele nakwi-right frontalal cortices, eyayiza kubangela iingxaki ekusebenziseni iimvakalelo kunye nokuthatha isigqibo.
Olunye uphando oluqhutywe ngo-2004 olubandakanya ukusebenzisa i-three-dimensional, i-computer-backed construction ukuhlalutya ubukhulu bokulimala kweGage kuboniswe ukuba imiphumo ibingqongqo kwi-lobe yangaphambili.
Ngo-2012, uphando olutsha luqikelele ukuba intonga yentsimbi yabhubhisa malunga neepesenti ezili-11 zemicimbi emhlophe kwi-lobe yangaphambili ye-lobe kunye ne-4 ekhulwini ye-cortex yakhe ye-cerebral.
Impembelelo yeGage kwiSyychology
Icala likaGage lathonya kakhulu kwi-neurology yokuqala. Utshintsho oluthile olubhekiselele ekuziphatheni kwakhe lubhekiselele kwiingcamango eziphumayo malunga nomsebenzi wengqondo , okanye ingcamango yokuba imisebenzi ethile idibene neendawo ezithile zobuchopho.
Namhlanje, izazinzulu ziqonda kakuhle indima efanelekileyo yokudlala kwi-cortex yangaphambili kwimisebenzi ebalulekileyo yokulawulwa kwezinto ezifana nokuqiqa, ulwimi, kunye nokuqatshelwa kwentlalo. Ngaloo minyaka, ngoxa i-neurology yayisisebuncinaneni, ibali likaGage eliqhelekileyo lisebenza njengomnye wemithombo yokuqala yobungqina bokuba i-lobe yangaphambili ibandakanyeka kubuntu .
Kwenzeka ntoni kuFineas Gage?
Emva kwengozi, uGage wayengakwazi ukubuyela emsebenzini wakhe wangaphambili. Ngokutsho kweHarlow, uGage wachitha ixesha elithile ehamba ngeNew England naseYurophu kunye nentsimbi yakhe yokukhangela ukuze athole imali, ekuthiwa wayebonakala nakwi-Barnum American Museum eNew York.
Wasebenza ngokufutshane kwisigxina se-livery eNew Hampshire waza wachitha iminyaka eyisixhenxe njengomqhubi wesigxina eChile. Ekugqibeleni wagqithisela eSan Francisco ukuba ahlale nonina njengoko impilo yakhe yahlaselwa. Emva kokuxhamla uchungechunge lwexubile, uGage wafa ngoMeyi 20, 1860, malunga neminyaka engama-13 emva kwengozi yakhe.
Kwiminyaka eyisixhenxe kamva, isidumbu sikaGage sagxothwa kwaye ingqayi yakhe kunye nentonga yokuqhayisa idluliselwe kuDkt. Harlow. Namhlanje, bobabini bangabonwa kwiHarvard University School of Medicine.
> Imithombo:
> Costandi, M. (2012). UFineas Gage odibeneyo. Guardian.
> Harlow JM (1848). Umhlathi wendonga yentsimbi ekhanda. I-Boston Medical and Journal Journal, 39 , 389-393.
> Harlow, JM (1868). Ukubuyiswa emva kokulimala okukhulu kwiNtloko. I-Bulletin yaseMassachusetts Medical Society. Iprint in History of Psychiatry, 4 (14) , 274-281 (1993) i-doi: 10.1177 / 0957154X9300401407
> Twomey, S. (2010). UFineas Gage: I-Neuroscience's Most Mistered Patient. Magazine Smithsonian .
> Van Horn, JD, et al. (2012). Imephu Ukudibanisa Ukulimala Kwimeko kaPineas Gage. I-PLOS ONE, 7 (5) , e37454. INGXELO: 10.1371 / iphephandaba.pone.0037454