Ngaba uke wambona umntu obonakala enesidingo sokuthandwa ngabantu? Ngokwe -oristor Karen Horney, lo mkhuba ubangelwa yimfuno engathandekiyo yokuthanda nokuvunywa.
Encwadini yakhe ethi "Self-Analysis" (ngo-1942), uHorney wachaza indlela yakhe yokuziphatha kwe-neurosis , echaza iintlobo ezahlukahlukeneyo zendlela yokuziphatha kakubi ngenxa yokuphulukana nokuqulunqa izicwangciso zokujongana nokuxhalabisa .
Ezi ziphatha zibandakanya izinto ezinjengeemfuno ze-neurotic zamandla, udumo kunye nothando.
Ngoko ke zeziphi ezinye zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeemfuno zonyango abantu abazisebenzisayo ukulawula uxhalaba? Masiqwalasele ngokukodwa kwiindidi ezintathu ezibanzi zeemfuno kunye neemfuno ezichongiweyo nguHorney kule ngqungquthela yeengcamango zakhe zeemfuno ze-neurotic.
Ingqwalasela ye-Horney's Theory ye-Neurotic Needs
I-Psychoanalytic theorist uKaren Horney yavelisa enye yeengcamango eziyaziwayo kakhulu ze- neurosis . Wayekholelwa ukuba i-neurosis ibangelwa kukuxhalabisa okubangela ubundlelwane. Iingcamango zakhe zicebisa ukuba izicwangciso ezisetyenziselwa ukujamelana nokuxhalaba zingasetyenziswa ngokugqithiseleyo, kubangele ukuba bathathe ukubonakala kweemfuno.
Ngokutsho kukaHorney, uxhalaba oluyisiseko (kwaye ngoko-neurosis) lunokubangelwa kwizinto ezahlukeneyo kubandakanya, "... ukulawulwa ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo, ukungabi nandaba, ukuziphatha okungahambi kakuhle, ukungahloniphi iimfuno zomntu ngamnye, ukungabikho kolwalathiso lokwenene, ukungaziphathi kakuhle , ukunqabisa kakhulu okanye ukungabikho kwayo, ukungabikho kwemfudumalo enokwethenjelwa, ukuthatha inxaxheba kwimibango engabazali, ubuninzi okanye uxanduva oluninzi, ukukhusela, ukukhuseleka kwabanye abantwana, ukungabi nabulungisa, ukucalulwa, ukungazithembi, ukuzithemba, kunye njalo njalo njalo njalo "(uHorney, 1945).
Ezi zi-10 zeemfuno ze-neurotic zingafakwa kwiiklasi ezintathu ezibanzi :
Izidingo ezikuhambisa kwabanye.
Ezi zidingo zengqondo zenza abantu bafune ukuqinisekiswa kunye nokwamkelwa kwabanye kwaye bahlala bechazwa njengabadinga okanye banamathela njengoko befuna imvume kunye nothando .- Izidingo ezikususa kwabanye.
Ezi zidingo ze-neurotic zenza ubundlobongela kunye nokuziphatha okungafaniyo. Laba bantu bahlala bechazwa njengobanda, bengabandakanyekanga, kwaye bengabonakali.
- Izidingo ezikuhambisa kwabanye.
Ezi zidingo zengxaki zibangelwa ubundlobongela kunye nesidingo sokulawula abanye abantu. Aba bantu bavame ukuchazwa njengobunzima, ukulawula, nokungabi nabubele.
Abantu abatshintshe kakuhle basebenzisa zonke izicwangciso zontathu , ukugxila kugxininiso kuxhomekeke kwizinto zangaphakathi nangaphandle.
Ngoko ke yintoni eyenza ezi zicwangciso zokuxhatshazwa? Ngokutsho kweHorney, kukusetyenziswa kakubi kwesinye okanye ngaphezulu kwalezi zintlobo zobuntu. Abantu abane-Neurotic bavame ukusebenzisa iindlela ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu kwezi ndlela zokujamelana, ukudala iingxabano, ukuphazamiseka nokudideka.
Encwadini yakhe ethi "Self-Analysis" (ngo-1942), uHorney wacacisa iimfuno ezi-10 ze-neurotic ayezifumene:
1. Iimfuno ze-Neurotic of Affection and Approval
Le mfuneko iquka iminqweno yokuthandwa, ukukholisa abanye abantu, nokuhlangabezana nokulindela kwabanye. Abantu abanolu hlobo lweemfuno banomdla kakhulu ukugatywa nokugxeka kunye nokwesaba umsindo okanye ubundlobongela abanye.
2. Iimfuno ze-Neurotic zoMlingani oza kuthatha ubuninzi bomntu
Oku kubandakanya imfuno yokugxila kumlingane. Abantu abanalesi sifo banesantya esikhulu kakhulu sokushiywa ngumlingani wabo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, aba bantu babeka ukubaluleka kokuthandana kwothando kwaye bakholelwa ukuba ukuba neqabane liza kusombulula zonke iingxaki zobomi.
3. Iimfuno ze-Neurotic zokuMisela Ubomi bomntu kwiiMida eziMdaka
Abantu abanalo mfuno bakhetha ukuhlala bengabonakali kwaye bengaboni. Bahlaziywa kwaye banomxholo omncinci. Bakuphepha ukufuna izinto zezinto eziphathekayo, ngokufuthi benze izidingo zabo zisesibini kunye nokungabalulekanga zabo izakhono kunye nekhono.
4. Isidingo se-Neurotic Power
Abantu abanalo mfuno bafune amandla ngokwabo. Ngokuqhelekileyo badumisa amandla, badelela ubuthathaka, kwaye baya kuxhaphaza okanye baphathe abanye abantu. Aba bantu bayesaba ukulinganiselwa kwabo, ukungenakunceda, kunye nezimo ezingalawulekiyo.
5. Iimfuno ze-Neurotic zokuxhaphaza abanye
Aba bantu bajonga abanye ngokubhekiselele kwinto enokuyifumana ngokusebenzisana nabo.
Abantu abanalo mfuneko ngokubanzi baziqhenyce ngokwazi kwabo ukuxhaphaza abanye abantu kwaye bahlala bejolise ekusebenziseni abanye ukuba bafumane iinjongo ezifunwayo, kuquka izinto ezifana neengcamango, amandla, imali, okanye ngesondo.
6. Iimfuno ze-Neurotic for Prestige
Abantu abanesidingo sokuba idumo lixabise ngokwabo ngokubaluleka koluntu kunye nokwamkelwa. Izinto eziphathekayo, iimpawu zobuntu , ukufezekiswa kobugcisa, kunye nabathandekayo bavavanywa ngokusekelwe kwindleko yokubaluleka. Aba bantu ba soloko bekwesaba iintlanga zentloni kunye nokulahlekelwa kwimeko yoluntu.
7. Iimfuno ze-Neurotic zokuKwamkelwa kwabantu
Abantu abanesidingo sokuziqhayisa ngokwenene bayamangalisa kwaye banengqondo yokuziqhelanisa. Bafuna ukunyaniseka ngokusekelwe kulo mbono wokuzijonga, kungekhona ukuba bangubani.
8. Iimfuno ze-Neurotic for Achiefing Personal
Ngokutsho kweHorney, abantu bayaziphosa ukuba bafezekise izinto ezikhulu nangakumbi ngenxa yokungakhuselekanga okuyisiseko. Aba bantu besaba ukuhluleka kwaye bazive benesidingo sokuba bafeze ngaphezu kwabanye abantu baze baphumelele nakwimpumelelo yabo yangaphambili.
9. Iimfuno ze-Neurotic zokuzimelela nokuzimela
Laba bantu babonisa ingqondo "yokuzilahla", bazihlukanise nabanye ukuze baphephe ukuboshwa okanye kuxhomekeke kwabanye abantu.
10. Iimfuno ze-Neurotic for Perfection and Unasponsibility
Aba bantu bazama rhoqo ukungafezeki ngokupheleleyo. Umntu oqhelekileyo wale mfuneko yokungafuneki ngokufuna uphelelo oluthile ukwenzela ukuba utshintshe ngokukhawuleza okanye ukufihla ukungafezeki okubonakalayo.
> Imithombo:
> I-Horney K. Ukuzihlalutya . ENew York: Norton; 1942.
> Langenderfer G. Karen Horney. College of Muskingum. http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/horney.htm.