1 - Ubomi bokuqala bukaSigmund Freud
Isazi sezengqondo esinesidlo Sigmund Freud sinokuba ngumnye wemifanekiso eyaziwayo kakhulu kwimbali, kodwa naye ungomnye weengxaki. Ilifa lobomi kunye nomsebenzi wakhe lenza ukuba abantu bababonge ngokunyanisekileyo kubalandeli bakhe baze banqunywe kubalandeli bakhe. Nangona abanye bemjonga njengetekethi yenkcubeko kunye nabanye bambona njengengqungquthela yesayensi, akukho mbuzo ukuba uFrud washiya uphawu olungabonakaliyo kwizengqondo.
Kulo mfanekiso, siza kuhlola ubomi bukaFrud ekuzalweni kwakhe edolophini elincinane laseFrieberg, eMoravia, ekufeni kwakhe eneminyaka engama-83 eLondon. Endleleni, uya kufunda ngakumbi malunga nokuba ubomi bakhe nomsebenzi wakhe wathonya njani iimbono kunye neengcamango eziqhubeka zichaphazela i-psychology, ifilosofi, iincwadi kunye nobugcisa.
"Ngaphakathi ngaphakathi kwam, efihliweyo, kusekho umntwana ovuyayo evela kuFeiberg ..." - USigmund Freud ebusana bakhe.
USigismund Schlomo Freud wazalwa ngo-Meyi 6, 1856, eFréiberg, eMoravia. Uyise, uJakob, wayengumrhwebi weboya kunye nabantwana ababini ukusuka kumtshato ongaphambili. Unina, u-Amalia (okuchazwe ngasentla), wayeneminyaka engama-20 emncinci kunomyeni wakhe. USigismund wayengumntwana wakhe wokuqala.
Njengomntwana wakhe omdala, naye wayeyithanda kakhulu, "igolide yeGiggie." U-Amalia wayenethemba elikhulu kwonyana wakhe. Kamva kuthiwa uFrud uthi, "Ndifumene," ukuba abantu abazi ukuba bathandwa okanye banomdla ngoomama banikela ubungqina ebomini babo bokuzithembeka ngokukhethekileyo kunye nokuthembela okungaqinisekiyo okuvame ukuvelisa impumelelo kubaphathi babo. "
Xa wayeneminyaka emine, ishishini likayise lahlulekile kwaye intsapho yahamba iFeiberg eVienna, e-Austria. UFreud Young useqeshwe esikolweni, ebeka phezulu yakhe kwiklasi iminyaka esixhenxe kwiminyaka esibhozo. Watshintsha igama lakhe eSigmund ngowe-1878 waza kamva wanikwa idigri kumayeza avela kwiYunivesithi yaseVienna.
2 - Iimpembelelo zikaSigmund Freud
Uhlaselo oluxhamlayo luhambelana nememori ebusweni bomguli. " - Sigmund Freud, ngo-1895
Emva kokugqiba i-degree, uFrud waqala ukwenza uphando malunga neurophysiology. Wayefumana idigri yonyango, kodwa wayengenomdla ngokukodwa kwindlela yokwelapha. Nangona wayekhathalele kakhulu isayensi kunye nophando, wayesazi ukuba wayefuna umsebenzi oza kuqhubeka ukuze atshade nomyeni wakhe, uMartin Bernays.
ICharcot ne-Hypnotism
Ngo-1885, uFrud waya kufundisisa noJean-Martin Charcot eSalpêtrière eParis. UCharcot wayesebenzisa i-hypnosis ukuphatha abafazi abahluphekayo kwizinto ezazibizwa ngokuba yi- hysteria . Iimpawu zokugula zibandakanya ukukhubazeka okuyingxenye, ukucoca, kunye nokutya. Izigulane nazo zafotshwa, ezenza iziphumo zikaCharcot zibuze. Uninzi lwezigulane zakhe zazimisela ukwenza iikhamera kwaye zixubisa ngokugqithiseleyo iimpawu zabo kunye neziphumo zonyango lukaCharcot.
U-Anna O. kunye noTyhulwa lweNtetho
UFrud uza kuqhubeka nokuphanda ukusetyenziswa kwe-hypnotism kwonyango, kodwa ubuhlobo bakhe kunye noJoseph Breuer owayengumhlobo okhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kweendlela zakhe ezidumileyo. UBrauer uchaze unyango lwakhe lomfazi osemtsha, owaziwayo kwimbali njengoAna O., iimpawu zakhe zokungcola zikhululekile ngokuthetha ngeziganeko zakhe ezibuhlungu. UFrud noBreuer babambisana encwadini, Studies on Hysteria , kunye noFrud baqhubeka nokuphuhlisa ukusebenzisa kwalo " unyango lwentetho ."
3 - Iminyaka yokuqala ye-Psychoanalysis
"I-Psychoanalysis iza kuphazamisa ubomi bengqondo ukuvuma ukuqonda ..." - USigmund Freud, ngo-1910.
Ukuzihlalutya
UFrud waqhubeka nokuhlakulela iingcamango zakhe malunga nokungazi, ukuthetha unyango kunye nezinye iingcamango. Waqala ukusebenzisa igama elithi "psychoanalysis" ngowe-1896. Emva kokufa kukayise ngowe-1896, uFrud waqala ixesha elide lokuhlalutya. Ngeli xesha, uFrud watshintsha iincwadi ezininzi kunye nomhlobo wakhe, uWilliam Fleiss, ugqirha waseBerlin owabelana ngokubanzi kunye noFrud. Kwileta zakhe, uFrud wachazwa ngentsingiselo efihliweyo yamaphupha kunye neemvakalelo zakhe ezinzulu zokuthanda unina, ekugqibeleni eza kukhokelela kwiingcamango ze- Oedipal. Wabhala wathi, "Ndiyifumene nomama kwaye ndikhwele ngobawo, kwaye ngoku ndiyicinga ukuba yinto ephelayo yonke ebuntwaneni" (Freud, 1897).
Ukutolika kweeNkanuko
Ukupapashwa kwencwadi yakhe ethi Interpretation of Dreams ngo-1899 kwabeka umxholo weengcamango zakhe ze-psychoanalytic. Ngethuba wayenethemba eliphezulu kwincwadi yakhe, ukuthengisa kwangaphambili kwakucotha kwaye ukuphononongwa kwakudumaza. Kwincwadi yakhe, wachaza iingcamango ezaba yingxenye ephambili ye-psychoanalysis, kuquka ukungazi kakuhle , ubunzima be-Oedipal, kunye nokuchazwa kwephupha . Nangona ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwencwadi, yaba yinto yokusebenza emzimbeni kwimbali yezengqondo kunye noFreud kamva wachaza njengento ayithandayo.
I-Psychopathology ye-Daily Life Life
UFrud naye waqhubeka nokuphuhlisa iimbono zakhe, ukupapasha i -Psychopathology ye-Daily Life Life ngo-1901. Le ncwadi yavelisa iingcamango ezifana ne-Freudian slip (okanye i-slip of tongue), ebonisa ukuba iziganeko ezinjalo zibonakalisa phantsi, iingcamango ezingenangqondo kunye nezizathu. Ukuqwalasela indlela iingcamango zikaFrud eziphikisana ngayo namhlanje, akumangalisi ukuba iingcamango zakhe zadibana neengxaki zakhe phakathi koontanga. Ukupapashwa kweeNtathu ze-Essays kwi-Theory of Sexuality ngo-1905 kuye kwandisa ukuhlula phakathi koFrud kunye noluntu lwezonyango.
4 - Ukunyuka kwe-Psychoanalysis
"Ndiyaphantsi kwimpembelelo yokubuyisela kwintetho yakho, eyayibonakala iyingqibelelo ngokwayo." -Jung kwintetho kaFreud kwiNgqungquthela yokuqala ye-Psychoanalytic
Ukuphakama kwe-Freudian Psychology
Ukupapashwa kweencwadi zakhe kuye kwasasaza iingcamango zikaFranud kubaphulaphuli abaninzi. Ngelixa inani elikhulayo labahlalutyi lihlasela amaqhinga kaFreud, wavelisa oku kulandelayo phakathi kwabemi bexesha lakhe. Ulwalamano lwakhe noBreer lwaye lwahlaselwa, ngenxa yokuba uBrau akazange angavumelani nokugxininiswa kobulili, kodwa oo-theorists abanjengoCarl Jung no-Alfred Adler baxhalabela kakhulu kwiingcamango zikaFrud.
I-Vienna Psychoanalytic Society
Ngomnyaka we-1902, uFrud waqala ukuqhuba ingxoxo ngeveki endlwini yakhe eyayiza kuphakamisa intlangano yokuqala ye-psychoanalytic. I-Vienna Psychoanalytic Society yaqala ngokusekwa ngo-1908, kwaye i-International Psychoanalytic Congress yabanjwa eSalzburg ngaloo nyaka. Ekugqibeleni, abanye abalandeli bakaFrud bokuqala babeza kuphuka kwiimbono zakhe ukuze benze izikolo zabo zokucinga.
I-Psychoanalytic Congress
Ngomnyaka we-1908, intlanganiso yokuqala yehlabathi yama-psychoanalyst yabanjelwa eSalzburg. UFrud wayeyintloko yesithethi kwintlanganiso yemihla ngemihla, nangona inani lezinye i-psychoanalyst lanikeza iintetho ngokunjalo. INgqungquthela ye-Psychoanalytic iya kuba ngumcimbi wonyaka, oya kuqhubeka nokwandisa ukusasazeka kunye nophuhliso lwe-psychoanalysis.
5 - Freud eMelika
"Ingcamango yaseMelika ayibonakali iyimfuneko kum, kodwa ndikhangele phambili kakhulu ekuhambeni kwethu kunye." - Sigmund Freud, 1909
Isimemo
Ngo-1909, uFrud wamkela isimemo esivela kuMongameli we-University of Clark, uG. Stanley Hall , ukunika uluhlu lweentetho eMelika kwimbali ye-psychoanalysis. UFrud ekuqaleni wenqabe isimemo sokuqala, esichazela ukuba akanako ukuhlawula umsebenzi wakhe kwiiveki ezintathu ukuze ahambele iMelika. Noko ke, iHolo yayihlala iqhubeka. Isimemo sakhe sesibini sifaka nesibonelelo sokuhlawula i-Freud (isamba se-$ 714.60) ngokutshintshela iintetho ezintlanu kwiingcamango ze-psychoanalysis (Wallace, 1975).
Ukuza eMelika
UFrud wamkela isimemo sesihlandlo sesibini saseHolo waza wabuyela eMelika ehamba kunye nomlingane wakhe, uDkt. Sandor Ferenczi. Omnye wabalingane bakaFreud, uCarl Jung, naye wamenywa ukuba athethe inyuvesi kwaye abathathu bakhetha ukuhamba kunye kungekudala. Uhambo lwaluza kubhala i-Freud yokuqala kunye nexesha kuphela eliya eMelika. UFrud, uJung, noFerenczi basebenzisa iintsuku eziliqela ukujonga eNew York kunye nabafundi baseFrewudian kunye no-AA Brill no-Ernst Jones ngaphambi kokuya kwiYunivesithi yaseClake.
IiLectures
Emva kokufika kwiYunivesithi yaseClark, uFrud wakuvuyela ukufumanisa ukuba iiHolo zazisa i-psychoanalysis kwikharityhulam yesikolo. Kuluhlu lweentetho ezintlanu, uFrud uchaze ukunyuka nokukhula kwe-psychoanalysis. Ezi zifundo zaziswa ngesiJamani kwaye zazingenakuxoxwa kwaye zixoxwa kakhulu. "Njengoko ndihamba phezu kwesikhulumi," uFrud wachazwa kamva, "kwakubonakala ngathi ukuzaliseka kwamanye amaxesha angabonakaliyo: I-Psychoanalysis yayingeyona into yokukhohlisa - ibe yinto ebalulekileyo yinyaniso" (Wallace, 1975).
6 - Freud noJung
"Omnye uyabuyisela umfundisi kakubi ukuba umntu uhlala nje ngumfundi." - Nietzsche, Ngaloo ndlela i-Spoke Zarathustra , ecatshulwe nguJung kuFrud
UFudud noJung Ubudlelwane bokuqala
Ngo-Ephreli ka-1906, uFrud waqala ukudibanisa nomnye umntu onguchwepheshe weengqondo ogama linguCarl Gustav Jung. Baqala ukudibana nomntu xa uJung ehamba eVienna ngoFebruwari 27, 1907, kwaye bobabini babehlobo olukhawulezayo. UJung kamva wachaza okokuqala okokuqala ngoFrud ngokuthi "... ukhaliphe kakhulu, ukhaliphile, kwaye uyaqatha."
Badibene ngokubanzi kwiiminyaka ezisixhenxe ezizayo, ngoFranud ubukela iJung njengomkhuseli kunye nendlalifa ye-psychoanalysis.
Ukuqhawulwa Kokuxolelwa
Olu lwalamano kunye nentsebenziswano yaqala ukuhlabalala njengoko iminyaka yayiqhubeka. Ngoxa uFrud wayebukele iJung njengabalandeli bakhe abakhulu kunye nabokuqala, wayengenakuvuyela ukungavumelani kukaJung kunye nezinye zezinto ezisisiseko ze-Freudian theory. Ngokomzekelo, uJung wayekholelwa ukuba iFreud yayigxininise kakhulu kwisini njengamandla ashukumisayo. Kwakhona wayevakalelwa kukuba ingcamango kaFrud yokungazi kakuhle yayingenamsebenzi kwaye ayikho into ephezulu. Esikhundleni sokuba nje ube ngumthombo weengcamango eziphoxayo kunye nezizathu, njengokuba uFrud ukholelwa, uJung wathi ukungazi kakuhle kunokuba ngumthombo wendalo.
Ngoxa igosa elaphuka kwiFrud lafika xa uJung esula kwi-International Psychoanalytic Congress, ubundlobongela obukhulayo phakathi kwababini babonakala ngokucacileyo kwiileta abazitshintshisayo. Ngesinye isikhathi, uJung wabhala ngokukrakra, "... indlela yakho yokuphatha abafundi bakho njengezigulane kukugqithiseleyo . Ngaloo ndlela, uvelisa oonyana abangabakhoboka okanye iintombazana ezingenangqondo ... Ndiyilungele ngokwaneleyo ukuba ndibone ngokukhohlisa kwakho" (McGuire, 1974).
Impembelelo kwiSyychology
Nangona ulwahlulo lwamaxabiso phakathi kwala mabini mabini lubonakalisa ukuphela kobudlelwane babo, ukubambisana kwabo kwanefuthe elihlala phambili ekuphuhliseni phambili kweengcamango zabo. UJung waqhubeka nokwenza isikolo sakhe esichukumisayo sengqondo esaziwa njengengqondo yengqondo.
Ukuphendula kukaFrud ukuxhatshazwa kweJung, kwaye kamva ku- Alfred Adler , kwakufuneka ukuvalela kunye nokulondoloza iingcamango zakhe. Ekugqibeleni, kwakusungulwa umgca wangaphakathi kuphela wabalandeli abazinikezele. Ngokuqhelekileyo kuthiwa "iKomiti," iqela liquka uFrud, uSandor Ferenczi, u-Otto Rank, uKarl Abraham, noErnest Jones.
7 - Izigulane zikaFreud kunye neNyango
"thatha izandla zam ezandleni zakho, ndifundise ukukhumbula, ndifundise ukuba ndingayikhumbuli." - HD, 1961
Uninzi lwamayeza aseFrewudian lukhula ngokuthe ngqo kumsebenzi kaFreud kunye nezigulane zakhe zengqondo. Njengoko wayezama ukuqonda nokucacisa iimpawu zabo, waqhubeka eba nesithakazelo kwendima yengqondo engenazifundo ekuphuhliseni ukugula kwengqondo.
Anna O.
Ngoxa u- Anna O. edlalwa ngokuba yinye yezigulane ezigqwesileyo zikaFreud, abo babini abazange bahlangane. U-Anna O. oyinyaniso, intombazana egama linguBertha Pappenheim, ngokwenene wayegulane ngumhlobo kaFrud kunye no-Josef Breuer. Ngokuxubusha iimpawu zakhe kunye noBrauer kunye nomsebenzi wabo wokugqibela kwincwadi ethi Studies on Hysteria , uFrud waqhubeka nokuphuhlisa indlela yakhe kunye nokusetyenziswa kwonyango lwentetho .
Rat Man
Enye yeengxelo ezidumileyo zeFrud yile gqwetha elingu-Ernst Lanzer owaziwa ngokuba yi "Rat Rat" kwimeko yembali. U-Lanzer wayekhathazeka ngokugqithiswa ngeerati. Ngomnyaka we-1908, uFrud wabonisa ityala kwintetho eyongezelelweyo kwintlanganiso yokuqala yeCongress of International Psychoanalytic Congress.
HD
Esinye sezigulane ezigqwesileyo zikaFrud kwakuyizibongi zaseMelika kunye novelisi uHalda Doolittle, owayezibiza ngokuba yi-HD Ngowe-1933, u-Dool Little waya eVienna ukuba aphile unyango lwe-psychoanalytic noFrud. Wayejongene noxinzelelo emva kokuphela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I kwaye wayekhathazekile ngokusongela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. I-Doolittle kamva yabhala imemori ebizwa ngo- Tribute ku-Freud , eyapapashwa ngo-1945.
Umlindi
USergei Pankejeff wayengumntu waseRussia oye waxinezeleka ngaphambi kokugqibela ukufuna uncedo oluvela kuFreud. Ekubanjwe "i-Wolf Man" ngenxa yokuphupha komntwana ngeengcuka, le nto iphelile ibe nefuthe elikhulu kwiingcamango zikaFranud zokuphuhlisa ubundlobongela . Emva konyaka kunyango, uFrud wachaza loo mntu waphiliswa, kodwa iingxaki zikaPankejeff zazingekho ngaphezulu. Waqhubeka efuna unyango lokudandatheka kwakhe ebomini bakhe bonke. Xa udliwano-ndlebe ngumbhali weendaba ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe ngo-1979, uPankojeff wakhala "... yonke into ibonakala yintlekele. Ndiye kwimeko efanayo naxa ndiza kuFrud, kwaye uFreud akabikho."
8 - Ukushiya iVienna
"Ukuvakalelwa kwenkululeko kudibanisa kakhulu ngokulila ..." - UGigmund Freud ekushiya iVienna eLondon
UFrud wasebenzisa ubuninzi bomi bakhe eVienna, eAustria. Xa amaNazi ahlutha iAustria ngo-1938, uFranud wayejoliswe ekubeni ngumYuda kunye nokuba ngumsekeli we-psychoanalysis. Uninzi lweencwadi zakhe zatshiswa kwaye yena nentombi yakhe, u- Anna Freud , baxilongwa ngabaGestapo. Ngosizo lomhlobo wakhe, uMarie Bonaparte, uFrud wakwazi ukuphuma eVienna ukuya eLondon ngoJuni 4, 1938, kunye nomfazi wakhe nentombi encinci. Naphezu kwemizamo kaBonaparte ukufumana i-pass for the sisters of old Freud, akazange akwazi ukwenza njalo. Emva koko bonke abafazi abane bafa kwiinkampu zoxinzelelo zamaNazi.
9 - Unyaka wokugqibela
"ukuba wayehlala ephosakeleyo kwaye, ngamanye amaxesha, ngeyinto engafanelekanga, kuthiwa akayena mntu ngoku kodwa isimo sengqondo esiphezulu" - WH Auden, "KwiNkumbulo yeSigmund Freud"
Emva kokufika eLondon, uFrud nomkakhe, uMarta, bathuthela kwikhaya elitsha kuma-20 eMaresfield Gardens. Ukususela ngo-1923, uFrud wayekade elwa nomdlavuza womlomo, owawufuna imisebenzi emininzi. Ukuhlinzwa kwakhe kokugqibela kwenziwa ngoSeptemba ka-1938. Ngaloo nyaka, wapapasha incwadi yakhe yokugqibela kunye mhlawumbi inokuphikisana, uMoses kunye noMonotheism .
Xa umhlaza wakhe wabuyela kwakhona, ugqirha wakhe wachaza ukuba i-tumor ayikwazi ukusebenza. Isimo sakhe saqhubeka sihlahloka unyaka wonke. NgoSeptemba 21, uFrud wabuza ugqirha ukuba asebenze umthamo omkhulu we-morphine. Wafa ngoSeptemba 23, 1939, eneminyaka eyi-83.