Umxhasi obalulekileyo kwi-Self-Concept Phakathi kwezinto ezincinci Ingxoxo
UMamie Phipps Clark ngumfazi owaziwayo weengqondo , owaziwayo ngokuphanda kwakhe ngokobuhlanga, ukuzithemba, kunye nophuhliso lwabantwana. Umsebenzi wakhe kunye nomyeni wakhe, uKenneth Clark, wawubaluleke kakhulu kwi-case yeBrown vs iBhodi yeMfundo ye-1954 kwaye wayengowomfazi wokuqala omnyama ukufumana i-degree ukusuka e-Columbia University.
Ubomi bokuqala bukaMarke Phipps
UMamie Phipps Clark wazalelwa e-Hot Springs, eAnsansas.
Uyise, uHarold, wayengugqirha kunye nonina, uKatie, wayenomdla ekuncedeni umyeni wakhe ngendlela yakhe. Ekhuthazwa ngabazali bakhe ukuba baphumelele kwimfundo yakhe, waqala ikholeji njenge-physics kunye nezibalo eziphambili. Wadibana nomyeni wakhe, uKenneth Clark, eWoward kwaye ngokukhawuleza wamqinisekisa ukuba aguqulwe kwi-psychology. Waphumelela i-magna cum laude ngo-1938 waza wasebenzisa ixesha elide esebenza kwiofisi yomthetho apho wayekwazi ukunikela ubungqina bokuqala ngokubangela ukulimaza, ukulawula umthetho obeka abantu abamnyama nabahlophe.
Ngokukhawuleza waqala isikolo esiphumelele kwaye waba nabantwana ababini xa eqhuba izifundo zakhe. Umsebenzi wengcungcwe yenkosi yakhe yayijolise ekubunjweni kobuhlanga kunye nokuzithemba . Umsebenzi wakhe wanceda ukuphazamisa indlela yokuqhubela phambili uphando malunga neengcamango zabo . Ngomnyaka we-1943, wafumana yakhe Ph.D. e-Columbia University. Akayena kuphela umfazi omnyama kwiprogram yonke, waba ngowesibili wase-Afrika-waseMerika ukuba athole udokotela ovela Columbia, owokuqala ukuba ngumyeni wakhe.
Ukusungula Umsebenzi Wakhe
Emva kokugqiba, uClark wathola ukuba kunzima ukufumana amathuba omsebenzi. "Nangona umyeni wam sele efumene indawo yokufundisa kwiSikolo saseKick College yaseNew York, emva kokugqweswa kwam, ngokukhawuleza kwabonakala kum ukuba ibhinqa elimnyama elinomfundi waseF.D kwizesengqondweni laliyinto engafunekiyo eNew York City ekuqaleni 1940, "kamva wachaza.
Emva kokusebenza ngokufutshane ngokuhlalutya idatha kwi-American Public Health Association, wahamba waya kwimeko njengophando lweengqondo kwi-Institute of Armed Forces Institute. Ngoxa usebenza njengesivivinyo sengqondo kwengqondo kumbutho wabantombazana abamnyama abangenamakhaya, u-Clark waphawula ukuba iinkonzo zempilo yengqondo zancinci kubantwana abancinci. Ngo-1946, u-Clark nomyeni wakhe bamise iNorwayside Centre for Child Development, eyayiyilungu lokuqala lokubonelela ngeenkonzo zengqondo kubantwana nakwiintsapho ezihlala kwindawo yaseHarlem. UClak waqhubeka ekhonza njengomlawuli weNorway Centre kude kube ngumhlala-phantsi wakhe ngo-1979.
Ukuphuhliswa kovavanyo lweClack Doll
Kwimvavanyo yobudala, iiClarks babonise abantwana abamnyama amadonki amabini ayenjalo ngandlela zonke ngaphandle kokuba idodoli enye yayimhlophe kwaye enye yayimnyama. Abantwana babuya babuzwa uchungechunge lwemibuzo kubandakanya idoli ababekhetha ukuyidlala nayo, yiyiphi idonsa eyayiyinto "idonsa", eyayiyinto "idonsa embi," kwaye yintoni eyayibukeka njengomntwana.
Abaphandi bafumanise ukuba ababaninzi babantwana babengazibona kuphela idonsa emnyama njengento "embi", phantse ama-50 ekhulwini akhethe idoli elimhlophe njengalowo bafana nabo. Xa abafundi abamnyama abavela kwizikolo ezahlukileyo befaniswa nezithili ezidibeneyo, iziphumo zibonise ukuba abantwana abavela kwizikolo ezahlukileyo babekho amathuba okuchaza i-doll emhlophe njengento "enhle".
Uvavanyo ludlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiBrown ngokubhekiselele kwimeko yeBhodi yezeMfundo ngokubonisa imiphumo eyingozi yokuhlukana kwabantwana. Inkundla Ephakamileyo yaqhubeka ilawula ukuba ukuhlukana phakathi kwezihlanga kwiimfuno zase-United States kwakungekho mthethweni.
Igalelo kwiNzululwazi
UMamie Phipps Clark wadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuhambeni kwelungelo loluntu, njengoko usebenza nomyeni wakhe kubonisa ukuba umqondo "ohlukeneyo kodwa olingana" wanikezela imfundo elinganayo kulutsha olumnyama. Uphando lwakhe kwi-self-concept phakathi kwabancinci luchukumise uphando oluthe gqolo malunga nesihloko kwaye lwavula imimandla emitsha yophando ngaphakathi kwintlalo yengqondo yengqondo .
Ngelishwa, imirhumo yakhe ebalulekileyo idlalwa ngqalelo kwixesha elidlulileyo, ngezifundo zembali yezengqondo kunye neencwadi zezifundo ezithetha ngokuphela kwayo. Kwincwadi yakhe ethi History of Psychology , umbhali uDavid Hothersall uthi amanqaku ambalwa, kubandakanywa nabangcali bezengqondo bezimnyama nabasetyhini, baye bachithelwa ingqalelo kwiingxelo zeengqondo.
Iincwadi zakhe ziquka:
- UClark, M. (1944). Utshintsho lwezakhono zengqondo ezisemgangathweni ubudala. I-Archives ye-Psychology, 291. eNew York: University University.
- Clark, MP kunye neKarp, J. (1961). Ingxelo kwinkqubo yokulungisa ihlobo. I-Elementary School Journal, 61 , 137-142.
- U-Clark, MP (1970). Ukutshintsha iingcinga kwimpilo yengqondo, ukuhlaziywa kweminyaka engamashumi amathathu. Iinkqubo zeNgqungquthela, INgqungquthela, iMeyi 7. I-New York: I-Northside Centre yoPhuhliso lwabantwana.
- Clark, KB, & Clark, MP (1939). Ukuphuhliswa kobuqu kunye nokuvela kolwahlulo ngokobuhlanga kwizingane zaseNigro zasesikolweni. Umbhalo we-Psychology, 10 , 591-599.
- Clark, KB, & Clark, MP (1939). Ulwahlulo njengento ebalulekileyo ekuchazeni ubuhlanga be-Negro abantwana bangaphambi kwesikolo. Umbhalo wezeMfundo zeNzululwazi, 8 , 161-165.
Imithombo:
Butler, SN Mamie Katherine Phipps Clark (1917-1983). I-Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture . 2009.
Guthrie, R. Nengqungquthela yayingumhlophe . 1976.
Hothersall, D. Imbali yePhysics. Udidi lwesithathu. 1995.
UOConnell & Russo, A., N. (Umhla.) Iimodeli zokuphumelela: Iingcamango zabaseTyhini abaPhezulu kwi-Psychology. 2002.
I-Warren, W. W. Abasetyhini abaNzululwazi baseUnited States. 1999.