Ukubonakaliswa kweempawu ezichaphazelekayo kuthintela izahlulelo kodwa kunokukhokelela kwiziphoso
Xa bejamelene nokungaqiniseki ngelixa bezama ukwenza isigqibo, abantu bahlala bexhomekeke kwisinqumla sengqondo eyaziwa ngokuba yi-heuristic representation. Ngelixa le ndlela yokufutshane iyakwazi ukukhawulezisa inkqubo yokwenza izigqibo , inokukhokelela ekukhethweni okungafanelekanga kunye neengcinga.
Khawucinge ngokubhekiselele kwindlela uhambelwano lobungqina bendalo kunye nendlela olusebenza ngayo.
Uluphi uhambelwano lweeHeuristic?
Xa senza izigqibo okanye izigwebo, sisoloko sisebenzisa iifutshane zengqondo okanye "imigaqo yesithupha" eyaziwa ngokuba yi- heuristics .
Kuzo zonke izigqibo, asisoloko sinexesha okanye izixhobo zokuqhathanisa zonke iinkcukacha ngaphambi kokuba senze ukhetho, ngoko sisebenzisa i-heuristics ukusinceda sifumane izigqibo ngokukhawuleza nangokufanelekileyo. Ngamanye amaxesha iifutshane zengqondo zinokuba luncedo, kodwa kwezinye iimeko, zingakhokelela kwiiphene okanye kwizinto ezinengqiqo .
Ukubonakaliswa kweempawu ezihambelana nokuzibandakanya yinto esetyenziswayo xa sisenza izigwebo. Kulo mzekelo, siqikelela ubungqina besiganeko ngokukuthelekisa nomboniso okhoyo okhoyo kakade kwiingqondo zethu. Iprototype yethu yinto esiyicinga ukuba ngumzekelo okanye oqhelekileyo wesiganeko okanye into ethile.
Umzekelo Wendlela Esebenza ngayo
Ukubonakaliswa kobugcisa obuchazwe kuqala ngabachazwa ngengqondo kwengqondo uAmosi Tversky noDaniel Kahneman ngee-1970. Njengamanye ama-heuristics, ukwenza izigwebo ezisekelwe ekumelelaneni kuhloswe ukuba zisebenze njengoluhlobo lwesigqithiso sengqondo, lusenze ukuba senze izigqibo ngokukhawuleza.
Nangona kunjalo, kunokukhokelela kwiiphene.
Xa senza izigqibo ngokusekelwe ekumelelaneni, sinokuthi senze iimpazamo ezininzi ngokugqithisekisa ukuba kunokwenzeka into ethile. Kungenxa yokuba isiganeko okanye into emelayo ayithethi ukuba kwenzeke ukuba kwenzeke kakhulu.
Cinga le nkcazelo elandelayo:
USara uthanda ukuphulaphula umculo weNew Age kwaye ufunde ngokuthe ngileyo i-horoscope yakhe imihla ngemihla. Ngethuba lakhe lokulondoloza, unandipha i-aromatherapy kwaye uya kwiqela lendawo yokomoya.
Ngokusekelwe kwingcaciso engentla, ngaba uSara unokuba ngumfundisi wesikolo okanye umphili opheleleyo? Abantu abaninzi babeza kumchazela njengomphili opheleleyo ngokusekelwe ekumelelaneni. Uyangena kunye neengcamango zethu ezikhoyo malunga nendlela umphili opheleleyo onokuziphatha ngayo. Enyanisweni, kunokwenzeka ukuba uSara ngokwenene ungumfundisi wesikolo esekelwe ngokusemandleni. Ootitshala beSikolo baxhaphake kakhulu kuneziphilisa.
Uphando lweClass
Kwimvavanyo yabo yokufunda, uTversky noKahneman banikezela le nkcazo elandelayo kwiqela labathathi-nxaxheba:
"UTom W. unengqondo ephezulu, nangona engenakho ukudala okwenyaniso. Unesidingo sokwenza umyalelo kunye nokucaca, kunye neendlela ezicocekileyo ezifanelekileyo apho yonke into ifumana indawo yayo efanelekileyo. ngandlela-thile i-corny ikhupha kunye nokukhanya kweengcamango zolu hlobo lwe-sci-fi. Unesidanga esinamandla sokwenza ubuchule.) Kubonakala ngathi akanakuvalelwa kwabanye abantu kwaye akanakuvuyela ukusebenzisana nabanye. ngengqiqo. "
Abathathi-nxaxheba bahlulwe ngokohlukeneyo ngamaqela ahlukeneyo amathathu kwaye iqela ngalinye linikezelwa umsebenzi ohlukile.
- Iqela lokuqala lacelwa ukuba njani uTom ofana naye kwenye yeesithoba kwiikholeji ezahlukeneyo zeekholeji. Uninzi lwabathathi-nxaxheba kweli qela likholelwa ukuba uTom wayefana kakhulu nobunjineli obukhulu kunye nobuncinci obufana nobunzulu bezesayensi yoluntu.
- Abathathi-nxaxheba kwiqela lesibini baceliwe ukuba bahlawule ukuba kungenzeka ukuba uTom wayengomnye wabangqina abasithoba. Amanqanaba anikezelwa ngabathathi-nxaxheba kwiqela lesibini lalifana neempendulo ezinikezwa ngabo beqela lokuqala.
- Kwiqela lesithathu, abathathi-nxaxheba babuzwa umbuzo ongahambelani nenkcazo kaTom. Baye bacelwa ukuba baqikelele ukuba yeyiphi ipesenteji yabafundi bokuqala abaphumelele ekufundeni kwabafundi abathandathu.
Oko abaphandi bafumene kukuba abantu babekholelwa ukuba uTom wayengunobunjineli obukhulu, nangona kwakukho inani elincinci labafundi bezobunjineli esikolweni apho kwakuqhutyelwa khona isifundo. Abantu babekholelwa ukuba uTom wayengunobunjineli obunzulu ngokusekelwe ekumeni, ukungahoywa kolunye ulwazi oluchanekileyo olunjengeqela elincinci labafundi bezobunjineli. Inkcazo kaTom ehambelana nento ababekholelwa yinto ebalulekileyo yokumela ubuninzi bobunjineli, ngoko ukubonakaliswa kobugcisa bakhokelela ekubeni benze isigwebo malunga nento ebalulekileyo ayenokuyenza.
Eyona Nene-Yehlabathi
Ukubonakaliswa kweempawu zendalo kungadlala indima enkulu kwizigqibo ezininzi zobomi kunye nezigwebo . Cinga, umzekelo, indlela amalungu enkundla angamisela ngayo isigwebo sommeli okanye ukungabi namacala. Ukuba ummangalelwa ukhangeleka njengento abagwebi abacinga ngayo isenzo sobugebengu kufuneka sibonakale ngathi, kunye nobunzima bokubakho, ubuso obunobunzima, kunye nomsindo ongebuhlungu, banokuba banokuqonda ukuba umntu unetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho.
Ukuvavanywa kwetyala kunokuxho mekeka nokuba ulwaphulo-mthetho lusetyenziswe njani ulwaphulo-mthetho oluthile. Ngokomzekelo, umntu osityholwa ngokutsala umntwana ngenjongo yokuhlawulela inokuthi akhangelwe njengetyala njengomntu osolwa ngokubamba umntu omdala ngaphandle kwenkokhelo. Nangona zombini ulwaphulo-mthetho lubonisa ukuthunjwa, owokuqala ngumzekelo omele umzekelo kuba uhambelana kakuhle nento abantu abaninzi bacinga ngayo xa beva igama elithi "ukuthumba."
Le ngqungquthela inokudlala indima kwiimvavanyo esenza ngazo ngabanye abantu. Sivame ukuhlakulela iingcamango malunga nendlela abantu abahlala ngayo kwiindima ezithile. Umlimi, umzekelo, unokubonwa njengokusebenza nzima, ngaphandle, kwaye kunzima. Ngomnye ulayibrari, ngakwelinye icala, kunokubhekwa njengokuzola, ukulungiswa, nokugcinwa. Umntu ohambelana kakuhle nakaloo mbono wecandelo ngalinye lichaphazela njani imbono yethu malunga nokuba kunokwenzeka njani ukuba enye yezikhundla.
Kwincwadi yabo yeklasi ye-1974 I- Understanding Uncertainty: I-Heuristics and Biases , iTversky neKahneman bachaza umzekelo omnye wokuba ukubonakaliswa kweempawu zendalo kungathonya njani imbono yethu kwabanye abantu. Bachaza umntu obonwa njengamahloni, ohoxiswayo, oncedo, kodwa engakhange axhalabele kwihlabathi lenyaniso. Lo mntu uphinde uchazwe njengolungileyo, obumnene, kunye nolwazi olunzulu ngomyalelo kunye nesakhiwo.
Ukuba kwakufuneka wenze isigwebo malunga nokuba nguwuphi na umsebenzi onokubamba ngawo, ngubani oya kukhetha: umlimi, umthengisi, umqhubi wendiza, ulayibrari okanye ugqirha?
"Ngokommeli wobuchule, umzekelo ukuba uSteve ungumthala-mzekelo, umzekelo, uhlolwe ngumlinganiselo apho ummeleli wakhe, okanye ufana naloo ndlela, ulandelelwano lomthala weencwadi," uTversky noKahneman bachaza.
ILizwi
Ukubonakaliswa kweempawu zengqondo nje yinto enye yendlela yokufutshane yeengqondo esivumela ukuba senze izigqibo ngokukhawuleza xa sibhekene nokungaqiniseki. Nangona oku kungakhokelela ekucingeni ngokukhawuleza, kunokusenza sikwazi ukungaziboni izinto ezidlala indima ekubunjeni iziganeko. Ngexesha elizayo xa uzama ukwenza isigqibo, qwalasela indlela ummeli omeleyo angadlala ngayo indima ekucingeni kwakho.
> Imithombo:
> Baumeister, RF & Bushman, B. I-Psychology Social, kunye neNdalo Yabantu. EBelmont, CA: iWadworth, iCengage Learning; 2014.
> Bernstein, D. IiNtloko zeengqondo. EBelmont, CA: iWadsworth, iCengage Learning; 2014.