Iikhowudi zabantu ngabanye yilabo abacinezela iimfuno zomntu kwiimfuno zeqela lonke. Kulo hlobo lwenkcubeko, abantu babonwa njengesizimeleyo kunye nokuzimela. Ukuziphatha kwezenhlalakahle kuthatha ukunyanzeliswa zizimo zengqondo kunye nezinto ezikhethwa ngabanye. Iimpawu eNyakatho yeMerika naseNtshona Yurophu ziba ngabanye.
Ukuqwalasela ngakumbi kwiiNdawo eziBodwa
Amathuba mhlawumbi uye wakuva imigaqo yamanye amazwe kunye neenkcubeko ezihlangeneyo ngaphambili, ngokuqhelekileyo kwimeko yokuqwalasela ukuziphatha kunye nokungafani kwengqondo phakathi kweentlobo ezimbini zoluntu.
Ngoko ke yintoni eyenza ukuba iinkcubeko zabantu ngabanye zihluke kwiindawo ezihlangeneyo.
Izimbalwa ezimbalwa eziqhelekileyo iinkcubeko zabantu ziquka:
- Amalungelo ngabanye athatha ibakala eliphambili
- Ukuzimela kuyabaluleka kakhulu
- Ukuxhomekeka kwabanye kubhekwa njengento ehlazo okanye ehlazo
- Abantu bavame ukuzithembela
- Amalungelo abantu ngabanye athambekele ekuthatheni phambili
- Abantu bavame ukugxininisa ngakumbi ekuphumeni nasekuzikhetheleni
Kwiinkcubeko ezizimeleyo, abantu bacinga ukuba "zilungile" ukuba zomelele, zithembele, zixhomekeke kwaye zizimeleyo. Oku kuyahlukana neenkcubeko ezihlangeneyo apho iimpawu ezifana nokuzidela, ukuxhomekeka, ukuzinikela kunye nokunceda abanye kubaluleke kakhulu.
Amazwe ambalwa athathwa njengamasiko athile afaka i-United States, iJamani, i-Ireland, iSouth Africa kunye ne-Australia.
Ziziphi iindawo ezizimeleyo ezihlukeneyo kwiindawo ezihlangeneyo?
Iikhowudi ezizimeleyo zidla ngokuthelekiswa kwaye zichasene kunye neenkcubeko ezihlangeneyo .
Xa i-colletivism igxininisa ukubaluleka kweqela kunye nentsebenziswano yentlalontle, iimbasa ezizimeleyo, ukuzimela, kunye nokwaneliseka. Apho abantu beenkcubeko zentlangano banokuthi banokukwazi ukubuyela kwintsapho kunye nabahlobo ukuze baxhaswe ngamaxesha anzima, abo bahlala kwiinkcubeko ezizimeleyo banako ukuhamba bodwa.
Iikhowudi zabantu ngabanye zixinzeleleka ukuba abantu bafanele bakwazi ukucombulula iingxaki okanye bafezekise iinjongo zabo ngaphandle kokuzithembela kuncediso lwabanye. Abantu badla ngokulindeleke ukuba "bazikhuphe ngokwabo bootstraps" xa behlangabezana nezibambiso.
Olu tyekelo lokugxila kwi-identity and self-autonomy liyingxenye ebanzi yenkcubeko enokuba nefuthe elinzulu kwindlela umphakathi usebenza ngayo. Ngokomzekelo, abasebenzi kwiinkcubeko ngabanye banokuthi baxabise intlalo yabo ngokufanelekileyo kweqela. Qhathanisa oku kunye nenkcubeko yamaqela apho abantu banokubingelela ngokwabo intuthuzelo enkulu kubo bonke abantu. Ukwahlukana okunjalo kunokuchaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zokuziphatha ezivela kumsebenzi umntu akhethayo, iimveliso ezizithengayo kunye nemiba yoluntu abayithandayo.
Izindlela zokunakekelwa kwezempilo, umzekelo, zithonywe yizo zithethe. Iimfundiso zabantu ngabanye zigxininisa ukubaluleka komntu ngamnye onyamekela yena ngaphandle kokuxhomekeka kwabanye ukuze ancediswe. Abo bahlala kwimimandla yokudibanisa banokuthi baxinezele uxanduva lomthwalo kunye neqela elipheleleyo.
Ziziphi iimeko ezizimeleyo zoMntu?
Impembelelo yenkcubeko enokuziphatha komntu ngamnye yintloko echaphazelekayo kwintsimi yeengqondo zenkcubeko .
Iingcali zeengqondo zengqumbo-zenkcubeko zifunda indlela ezahlukeneyo zenkcubeko ezichaphazela ngayo ukuziphatha komntu. Bavame ukugxila kwizinto ezikhoyo kwimihlaba eyahlukeneyo yehlabathi kunye nokungafani phakathi kweentlalo.
Enye into ebangel 'umdla into yokuba iingqondo zengqondo zenkcubeko ziye zaphawula indlela abantu abavela kwiinkcubeko ngabanye abazichaza ngayo ngokuthelekiswa nendlela abavela kwiinkcubeko zobudlelwane bahlukeneyo abazichaza ngayo. Abantu abavela kuluntu ngabanye banemibono yokuzimela ngokuzimela ngaphandle kokuxhomekeka. Ngenxa yoko, bathambekele ekuzichazeni ngokwabo ngokweempawu zabo neempawu zabo ezizodwa.
Umntu ovela kulolu hlobo lwenkcubeko unokuthi "ndihlalutya, ndihlambalaza kwaye ndibaleka." Oku kunokungafani neenkcazo ezizenzekelayo kubantu abahlala kwimibutho yamaqabane, ngubani oya kuthi, "Ndingumyeni othembekileyo kunye nomhlobo onyanisekileyo."
Kwenzeka phi ukuba le nkcazelo ngokweziko? Uphando oluqhutywe nguMa noSchoenemann lufumanisa ukuba ngelixa ama-60 ekhulwini kumaKenya (isiqhelo samalungu onke) achaza ngokwabo ngokwemisebenzi yabo kumaqela ngelixa ama-48 ekhulwini aseMelika (inkcubeko ngabanye) basebenzisa iziqu zabo ngokuzichaza.
Imithombo:
UKim, HS, & Markus, Ukunyuka kwe-HR okanye ukuLungeleka, ukuHlanganiswa okanye ukuBambisana? Uhlalutyo lweNkcubeko. Umbhalo woBuntu kunye neNzululwazi yeNtlalo . 1999; 77: 785-800.
Ma, V., & Schoeneman, TJ Umntu ngamnye ngokuchasene nokuqokelela: Uthelekiso lweeKenya kunye ne-American Self-concepts. I-Basic and Applied Social Psychology. 1997; 19: 261-273.
UMarkus, HR, no-Kitayama, S. Inkcubeko kunye no-Self: Impembelelo yoCognition, Umoya, kunye neNtshukumo. UkuHlola kwengqondo , ngo-1991; 98 (2): 224-253.