Emva kwesenzo esingenakucatshulwa sogonyamelo olungenangqungquthela, abantu abaninzi bathambekele ekutheni umenzi wobugwenxa "unobungqingili." Nangona ulwaphulo-mthetho lunokugula ngengqondo , ngokuzenzekelayo i-label "crazy" iyanceda abantu abanokugula ngengqondo yonke imihla.
Enyanisweni, umntu ogula ngengqondo ininzi kakhulu ukuba abe yintlanzi-kunokuba ngumenzi wobugwenxa.
Ukubizela umgwenxa onobundlobongela "udibanisa" kusasaza i-stereotype enobungozi kwaye ubambe ubudlelwane obunzima phakathi kobugwenxa nokugula kwengqondo.
Amajelo eendaba asifundisa ngabantu abasingazibandakanya ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ukuhamba rhoqo kwedatha kusinika iingongoma ezingapheliyo malunga noluntu lwamanye amaqela abantu-kuquka nawaphi amaqela abantu kufuneka adunyiswe okanye agculelwe.
Imifanekiso yezobugcisa bezo zigulo zengqondo zisoloko zixhomekeke kwiinkcenkcesho okanye ukunciphisa. Ngenxa yoko, zonke iindidi zeendaba-ezibandakanya ithelevishini, ifilimu, amaphephancwadi, amaphephandaba kunye neendaba zoluntu-ziye zagxeka ngokusasaza izinto ezingafaniyo kunye neenkcazelo ezingachanekiyo zabo abanokugula ngengqondo.
Ziyintoni iStigmatization?
I-Stigma yenzeka xa umntu othile ebhekwa njenge "enye." Enye enye inqatshelwe ukwamukelwa ngokugcwele kwezentlalo.
Nantsi indlela inhlamba ichazwa ngayo ngu-Ahmedani kwinqaku le-2011 elibizwa ngokuthi "I-Sental Health Stigma: Umbutho, Umntu, kunye noBuchule":
Inqaku elona lichanekileyo ngokubhekiselele kwintlonelo libhalwa ngu-Erving Goffman (1963) emsebenzini wakhe wokuzala: I-Stigma: Amanqaku kuLawulo loLwazi oluPhezulu. I-Goffman (1963) ithi intshutshiso "yimbonakalo ephazamisayo ngokukhawuleza" eyanciphisa umntu "ovela kumntu oqhelekileyo kwaye oqhelekileyo ukuba ahlambuluke, athathwe" (iphepha 3). I-stigmised, ngaloo ndlela, ibonwa ngokuba "nobunobumba" (Goffman, 1963, p. 3). Kwincwadi yonxibelelwano yomntu, uDudley (2000), esebenza kwi-Goffman yokuqulunqa kokuqala, ukuchazwa njengento echazwe ngumntu okanye amaqela abantu xa iimpawu zabo okanye iimpawu zabo zibhekwa njengezohlukileyo okanye ziphantsi kweendlela zentlalo.
Ingqalelo, ukunyanzeliswa kufakwe ngokubanzi ngamaphephandaba ukuba abaphandi baye basebenzisa amanqaku epapasho njengendlela ye-proxy ye-metric yokunyaniseka kuluntu.
Ukuhluthwa kwezidumbu kwiMidiya
Makhe sihlolisise ezinye izigulana zesifo sengqondo esasazwa ngamajelo njengemifanekiso eyenziwa ngu-Myrick no-Pavelko kwinqaku le-2017 elipapashwe kwiNcwadi yoNxibelelwano lwezeMpilo .
Okokuqala, izifo zengqondo ezinjenge-schizophrenia zibonakala ziphazamisekile kuluntu kunokuba zineemeko ezinjalo kufuneka zithathwe luluntu ngokupheleleyo.
Okwesibini, ii-akhawunti zogxininiso zijolise kumntu onesifo sengqondo kunokuba zilungele ukugula kwengqondo njengengxaki yentlalo. Ngenxa yoko, abathengi bentengiso banakho ukugxeka umntu ngokugula.
Okwesithathu, abantu abanezifo zengqondo baxhatshazwa ngokugqithisileyo kwimifanekiso yeendaba; bonke abantu abaneemeko ezithile kulindeleke ukuba bachaze iimpawu ezifanayo zesifo. Ngokomzekelo, ukubonisa ukuba bonke abantu abanexinzelelo bayazibulala, nabo bonke abantu abane-schizophrenia hallucinate. (Enyanisweni, kuphela phakathi kwama-60 no-80 ekhulwini labantu abane- schizophrenia abanamava okucoca, kunye nenani elincinci lokubona ama-hallucinations.)
Okwesine, ukubonakaliswa kweendaba kukunciphisa into yokuba abantu abaninzi abanesifo sengqondo akudingeki baxelele le meko kubo bonke abakujikelezile.
Endaweni-nokuba enenjongo okanye ngesifo-ingqondo kaninzi ayifumanekanga. Ukubonakaliswa kwimidiya, nangona kunjalo, iimeko ezikhoyo apho wonke umntu uyazi malunga nokugula kwengqondo komlingiswa, kwaye esi sifo sengqondo asisifihliwe.
Okwesibini, abeendaba babonisa ukugula kwengqondo ngokungenakugula okanye kungabonakali.
Ukunciphisa
"Ukuphuculwa kohlengahlengiso kubonisa okuchasene nxamnye nemibono yokuxilongwa kwengqondo yengqondo: ukuphazamiseka kokungabonakali okanye ukungabikho kwemibandela yale miqathango," bhalela u-Myrick noPavelko.
Nazi ezinye iindlela ezinokuthi ukunciphisa inokubuyisela intloko yayo kumajelo.
Okokuqala, abeendaba bakhuthaza ukugula kwengqondo ngokungakhathaliseki ukuba kunzima okanye kunzima kunokuba kunjalo.
Ngokomzekelo, abaninzi abantu abane-anorexia bavakalelwa kukuba imeko yabo yenziwa nzima kakhulu kunokuba iyinyaniso-inxalenye yokuba abantu abaneemeko ezichazwe kumajelo amancinci kwaye bafihla imiphumo emibi.
Enyanisweni, izinga lokufa kwe-anorexia lizinga eliphezulu lokufa kwesifo sokutya. Kuhlalutyo lwama-meta olucatshulwe ngolu hlobo olupapashwe kwi- JAMA Psychiatry ngo-2011, u-Arcelus kunye noogxa bakhe bahlalutya izifundo ezingama-17,272 ezigulane ngabanye abanezifo zokutya kwaye bafumanisa ukuba i-755 yafa.
Okwesibini, ukugula ngengqondo kuphelelwa ngamandla kwiimidiya. Ngokomzekelo, abantu abane-OCD baboniswa njengento ejongene nokucoceka nokuphelela. Nangona kunjalo, iingcamango ezigqithisileyo eziqhuba ezi nyanzelwayo zihoywa.
Okwesithathu, iimpawu zesifo sengqondo ziboniswa kumajelo asasazo njengenzuzo. Ngokomzekelo, kwi- Monk yechungechunge lwe-TV, i-protagonist ingumcuphi ophethe i-OCD kwaye ihlawule ingqwalasela esondeleyo, eyamnceda ukuxazulula ulwaphulo-mthetho nokuqhubela phambili umsebenzi wakhe.
Ngaphandle koko, kukho "ukukhubazeka" okungekho nto. Ngokutsho kukaMyrick noPavelko: "Ukuba isifo sengqondo sibonakala singenzuzo, abantu abanezifo eziphathekayo baye badibaniswa nele 'bhendi enkulu', isichazilo esichaza impawu zobugqi, ezingaphezu kwezinto kubantu abakhubazekileyo."
Okwesine, usebenzisa iziteshi zorhwebo, abantu abangenakho ukukhubazeka bahlekisa abantu abakhubazekileyo ngokuchonga isigama sokugula ngengqondo. Ngokomzekelo, i-hashtag i-OCD (i-#OCD) isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi-Twitter ukuchaza ingqalelo kucoceko okanye inhlangano.
Schizophrenia kwiFilimu
Mhlawumbi ukunyanzeliswa okugqithiseleyo kokugula kwengqondo kumajelo eendaba kukubonakaliswa kwefilimu yabantu abachasene nokugula kwengqondo. Ngokukodwa, abalinganiswa abane-schizophrenia baboniswa njengama-maniacs "angabonakali" kwi "slasher" okanye "i-movie killer". Ukubonakalisa okunjalo kufaka ulwazi olungengcaciso malunga neempawu, izibangela kunye nokonyango kwabantu abane-schizophrenia kunye nezinye iindlela zokugula kwengqondo. Inqaku, iifilimu ezidumileyo ziye zaboniswa ukuba zineempembelelo ezinamandla kwisimo sengqondo.
Kwinqaku le-2012 elibizwa ngokuthi "Ukubonakaliswa kweSchizophrenia yi-Entertainment Media: Uhlalutyo lwangaphakathi lweeMifanekiso zeeNkcazo," u-Owen wahlalutya ama-41 amafilimu akhululwa phakathi kuka-1990 no-2010 ukubonakaliswa kwe-schizophrenia aze afumane oku kulandelayo:
Uninzi lwabalandeli lubonisa iimpawu ezintle zesifo schizophrenia. Ukutshatyalaliswa kwakuboniswa rhoqo, kulandelwa i-hallucinations ehlolisayo. Uninzi lwabalandeli lubonisa ukuziphatha kakubi ngokwabo okanye kwabanye, kwaye phantse enye yesithathu yabalinganiswa bezobudlova abaziphatha ngokuzibulala. Phantse enye yesine yabalingiswa bazibulala. I-Causation ye-schizophrenia yayigqalwa ngokugqithiseleyo, nangona i-enye yesine yeefilimu ibonisa ukuba isiganeko sokuphila esichukumisayo sasibalulekile kwi-causation. Iifilimu ezibhekiselele okanye ezibonisa unyango, imithi yengqondo ye-psychotropic yayivame ukuboniswa.
Ezi zimbonakalo zazingalunganga kwaye zilimaza ngezizathu ezininzi, kubandakanywa oku kulandelayo:
- Ukubonakaliswa kwe-schizophrenia kumafilimu asandul 'ukutsalwa kugxininise kwiimpawu ezintle zesifo, ezinjengama-hallucinations ebonakalayo, iimpazamo eziyinqaba kunye nentetho engalungelekanga. Ezi zimpawu zenziwa njengendawo eqhelekileyo xa, ngokwenene, iimpawu ezimbi, ezinjengentlupheko yokuthetha, ukunciphisa intshukumo, kunye nefuthe eliphambili, ziqhelekileyo.
- Iifilimu ezininzi zazisasaza ukunyaniseka kobuxoki ukuba abantu abane-schizophrenia baxhomekeke kubudlova kunye nokuziphatha okungenakuthenjiswa. Ngaphezu koko, ezinye iifilimu zazisa abantu abane-schizophrenia ngokuthi "babekho".
- Kule mafilimu, iipesenti ezingama-24 zabalingani abane-schizophrenia bazibulala, ezikhohlisayo kuba ngokwenene kuphela phakathi kweepesenti ezili-10 kunye ne-16 ekhulwini labantu abane-schizophrenia bazibulala ngexesha lokuphila.
- Abalinganiswa kunye ne-schizophrenia babedla ngokubonakala njengamadoda amhlophe. Enyanisweni, i-schizophrenia ayichaphazeli ngokuthe ngqo abantu baseMerika. Ngaphezu koko, i-schizophrenia ichaphazela amadoda nabasetyhini ngokulinganayo.
- Kwiimvumi ezimbalwa, i-schizophrenia iboniswa njengezibini eziphambili kwiziganeko zobomi okanye eziphilisa ngothando, ezizimbini zesifo.
Kwibala eliqaqambileyo, uOwen wafumanisa ukuba akukho konke ulwazi olunikezwa nge-schizophrenia kwifilimu yanamhlanje. Ngokomzekelo, kwisithuba esingaphezu kwesahlulo se-movie esicatshungulwayo, ukusetyenziswa kweziyeza zengqondo kuboniswe okanye kubhekiswe kuyo. Ukongezelela, malunga nesiqingatha sabalinganiswa abane-schizophrenia baboniswe njengabantu abahluphekileyo, ababethelwa ngedatha ye-epidemiological ebonisa ukuba abantu bendlela ephakamileyo yoluntu abanako ukufumana i-schizophrenia.
Ekugqibeleni, ukubonakaliswa kakubi-ngokukodwa ngokubhekiselele kwintlonelo-yabantu abane-schizophrenia kunye nezinye iintlobo ezinzima zesifo sengqondo kumajelo eendaba zigalela ekugwenyweni, ekugxilweni, ekucaluleni, nasekukhutshweni kwentlalo.
Yintoni enokuyenza
Ngophando lwabo lwango-2017, u-Myrick noPavelko bafumanisa ukuba ithelevishini, iifilimu kunye namajelo asekuhlaleni yizona zinto zihlala zihlala zibonakalisa ukugula kwengqondo okugxekayo kunye nokunciphisa. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko kuboniswe ngababhali: "Ukunikezelwa kwamandla abeendaba ukuba basasaze ngokukhawuleza ukubonakalisa okungahambelaniyo, ukuqonda okunzulu ukufana kwabo, ukungafani, kunye nemiphumo echaphazelekayo."
Sisadinga ukuqonda kangcono indlela le miyalezo isasazwa ngayo ngamajelo phambi kokuba senze into yokulungisa. Okwangoku, uphando olunzulu luhlola indlela amajelo aseburhulumenteni akhuthaza ngayo izifo zokugula ngengqondo, ukunyaniseka, nokunciphisa. Nangona kunjalo, iziphakamiso ezithile malunga nendlela yokuphucula ukubonakaliswa kwabangenayo ingqondo yengxelo kumajelo abezindaba.
- Hlaziya iinkqubo-mveliso zoxinzelelo-mveliso ukuze uqondisise kangcono imichimo, iimfuno, ixabiso, kunye nezoqoqosho kwezobugcisa be-screenwriters, abavelisi kunye neengxelo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuqonda ukulinganisela phakathi kokuvavanya okanye ukuvuselela emoyeni nokuqinisekiswa.
- Ukugula ngengqondo kuphela xa kuhambelana nebali.
- Ukukhetha iinkcazo ezingezizo zomntu zesifo sengqondo kwaye kunoko ugxininise kwiinkalo zentlalo.
- Faka igalelo leengcali kubagula ngengqondo ngexesha lokuvelisa.
- Ukuphumeza ikhosi yengqondo emfutshane xa kuqeqeshwa intatheli.
- Sebenzisa isigama sengqondo yezempilo yengqondo ngokuchaneka, ubulungisa kunye nobuchule.
Njengabantu ngabanye abasebenzisa ixabiso elininzi lamaphephandaba kunye nokubandakanya kumajelo asekuhlaleni, into engcono kakhulu esinokuyenza kukuba siyeke ukusebenzisa amagama anjenge "crazy" kunye "nokuhlekisa" ngendlela ehlekisayo. Ngaphezu koko, kungcono ukuba ungabonakali ngophando lweengqondo ngaphandle kwendawo yeklinikhi. Ingcali kuphela inokwenza uhlolisiso lwe-OCD, ukudandatheka, ukuphazamiseka kwe-bipolar, i-schizophrenia, njalonjalo. Ngokubhaliweyo ngaphandle kobubungqina, sikhathaza abo baphila ngokugula ngengqondo imihla ngemihla.
> Imithombo:
> Arcelus J, Mitchell AJ, Wales J, Nielsen S. Imilinganiselo yokufa kwezilwanyana kunye ne-Anorexia Nervosa kunye nezinye izifo zokutya: I-Meta-analysis of 36 Studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011; 68 (7): 724-731.
> Myrick JG, uPavelko RL. Ukuphonononga ukungafani kweziphulaphuli Ukukhumbula nokuphendula phakathi kweMidiyali yeMpilo yengqondo njengoko kuhlaziywa ngokuchasene nokuxhatshazwa. Umbhalo woNxibelelwano lwezeMpilo. 2017.
> Owen PR. Ukubonakaliswa kweSchizophrenia yi-Entertainment Media: Uhlalutyo lokuqukethwe kweeFilimi zeTemporary. IiNkonzo zengqondo. 2012; 63: 655-659.
> Stout PA, et al. Imifanekiso yokugula ngengqondo kwiMediya: Ukuchonga izikhelo kuPhando. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2004; 30: 543-561.