Indlela i-neurons idlulisa ngayo ulwazi kuwo wonke umzimba
I-neuron yiseli yesigulane esona sakhiwo esisiseko senkqubo yesifo. I-Neurons ifana namanye amaseli emzimbeni womntu ngeendlela ezininzi, kodwa kukho umehluko owodwa phakathi kwe-neurons nezinye iiseli. I-Neurons zikhethekileyo ukuhambisa ulwazi kuwo wonke umzimba.
Ezi iisensi ze-nerve ezikhethekileyo zinoxanduva lokunxibelelana ngolwazi kwimizi yamachiza kunye neendlela zombane.
Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-neurons ezijongene nemisebenzi eyahlukileyo emzimbeni womntu.
I-neurons ezinomqondo zithwala ulwazi ukusuka kwiiseli zengeniso zomzimba kuwo wonke umzimba ukuya kwengqondo. I-motor neurons zithumela ulwazi ukusuka kwingqondo ukuya kwiimisipha zomzimba. I-Interneurons inoxanduva lokuthetha ulwazi phakathi kwee-neurons ezahlukeneyo emzimbeni.
Neurons kunye nezinye iiseli
Ukufana namanye amaseli:
- I-Neurons kunye nezinye iiseli zomzimba ziqulethe i-nucleus egcina ulwazi lofuzo.
- I-Neurons kunye nezinye izisele zomzimba zijikelezwe ngumlenze okhusela iseli.
- Iibhunga zeeseli zombini iintlobo zeeseli ziqulethe i-organelles exhasa ubomi beseli, kubandakanya i-mitochondria, imizimba ye-Golgi kunye ne-cytoplasm.
Ukwahlukana okwenza i-neurons iyingqayizivele:
- Ngokungafani namanye amaseli omzimba, i-neurons iyayeka ukuzala emva nje kokuzalwa. Ngenxa yoko, ezinye iinjongo zengqondo zinama-neurons amaninzi ekuzalweni kunokuba kamva ebomini ngenxa yokuba i-neurons iyafa kodwa ingatshintshwa. Nangona i-neurons ingavelisi kwiindawo ezininzi zobuchopho, uphando lubonise ukuba ukudibanisa okutsha phakathi kwefomu ye-neurons ebomini. I-neurogenesis , okanye ukwakheka kwamaseli amathambo omtsha, kwenzeka kwezinye iindawo zengqondo ebomini.
- I-Neurons ine-membrane eyenzelwe ukuthumela ulwazi kwezinye iiseli. I-axon kunye ne-dendrites zizakhiwo ezizodwa ezilungiselelwe ukuhambisa nokufumana ulwazi. Ukuqhagamshelana phakathi kweeseli zibizwa ngokuba yi-synapses. I-Neurons ikhulula iikhemikhali ezaziwa njenge-neurotransmitters kulezi synapses ukuthetha nezinye i-neurons.
Ulwakhiwo lwe-Neuron
Kukho iingxenye ezintathu ezisisiseko ze-neuron : i-dendrites, umzimba weseli kunye ne-axon. Nangona kunjalo, zonke i-neurons ziyahluka ngobunzima, imo, kunye neempawu kuxhomekeke kumsebenzi nendima ye-neuron.
Ezinye i-neurons zinamasebe ambalwa ase-dendritic, ngelixa amanye ahlanganiswe kakhulu ukuze athole ulwazi oluninzi. Ezinye i-neurons zinama-short axon, ngelixa ezinye zide zide. I-axon ende kunazo zonke emzimbeni womntu iphuma ukusuka kumgca womgudu ukuya kwiinzwane ezinkulu kunye neengqinamba ubude malunga neenyawo ezintathu!
Izenzo zokuSebenza
Ama-neurons ahambisa njani kwaye afumane ulwazi? Ukuze i-neurons iqhagamshelane, kufuneka idlulisele ulwazi phakathi kwe-neuron kunye ne-neuron enye ukuya elandelayo. Le nkqubo isebenzisa zombini iimpawu zombane kunye nabathunywa beekhemikhali.
I-dendrites ye-neurons ithola ulwazi kwi-receiver receptors okanye kwezinye i-neurons. Olu lwazi luye lwadlulela kwi-cell body ukuya kwi-axon. Xa ulwazi sele lufikile kwi-axon, luhamba phantsi ubude be-axon ngendlela yesiganeli sombane esaziwayo njengesenzo sokwenza .
Uqhagamshelwano phakathi kwamaS Synapses
Xa umbane usufikelele ekupheleni kwe-axon, ulwazi kufuneka ludluliselwe kwi-synaptic gap kwi-dendrites ye-neuron edibeneyo.
Kwezinye iimeko, umqondiso wombane unako ukukhawuleza udibanise i-gap phakathi kwee-neurons uze uqhubeke nomendo wayo.
Kwezinye iimeko, kufuneka i-neurotransmitters ukuthumela ulwazi kwi-neuron enye ukuya elandelayo. I-neurotransmitters yizithunywa zeekhemikhali ezikhutshwe kwii-axon terminals zokuwela i-synaptic gap kwaye zifike kwiindawo zokufumana ezinye i-neurons. Kwinkqubo eyaziwa ngokuba yi-reuptake, la ma-neurotransmitters afakelwa kwisayithi yommkeli kwaye aphinde abuyiselwe yi-neuron ukuba isetyenziswe kwakhona.
Neurotransmitters
Ama-neurotransmitters ayimfuneko ebalulekileyo yemihla yethu yokusebenza. Ngeli xesha lingaziwa ukuba zingaphi i-neurotransmitters ezikhoyo, izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa ezili-100 zala bathunywa beekhemikhali.
Ziziphi iimpembelelo ngamnye kulezi zintambo ezithinta umzimba? Yintoni eyenzekayo xa izifo okanye iziyobisi ziphazamisana nalezi zithunywa zeekhemikhali? Ezi zilandelayo zimbalwa ezimbalwa ze-neurotransmitters, iimpembelelo ezaziwa, kunye neengxaki ezidibene nazo.
I-Acetylcholine: Inxulumene nememori, iziphambano zomzimba kunye nokufunda. Ukungabikho kwe-acetylcholine kwingqondo kudibene nesifo se-Alzheimer.
I-Endorphins: Inxulumene neemvakalelo kunye nentlungu yokuqonda. Umzimba ukhulula i-endorphins ekuphenduleni ukwesaba okanye ingozi. Ezi zithunywa zeekhemikhali zifana ne-opiate iziyobisi ezifana ne-morphine kodwa zinamandla kakhulu.
I-Dopamine: Inxulumene nengqiqo kunye nemizwa ejabulisayo. Isifo se-Parkinson sisinye isifo esihambelana nokusilela kwi-dopamine. Oogqirha banokumisela amayeza anokwandisa umsebenzi we-dopamine kwingqondo. Elinye iqela li-agopists ye-dopamine, efana nemiphumo ye-dopamine. Olunye uhlobo lwe-ejenti yi-levodopa, eguqulwa ibe yi-dopamine kwingqondo. Zithwele iinqununu zazo kunye neziphumo zecala. Abaphandi baye bafumanisa ubudlelwane obuqinileyo phakathi kwe-schizophrenia kunye nobuninzi be-dopamine kwiindawo ezithile zeengqondo.
> Imithombo:
> Izifo zikaPasinson. Isiko leSizwe lezeMpilo, iwebhusayithi ye-Senior Aging. Ukuhlaziywa ngoJuni, ngo-2016.
> Thompson, RF Ubomi: I-Neuroscience Primer. I-New York: AbaPashi Abafanelekileyo; 2000.