Ukuchonga i-Neurotransmitter

by Kendra Cherry

Indlela asebenza ngayo, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo, nokuba kutheni zibalulekile

I-neurotransmitter ichazwa njengomthunywa weekhemikhali ophethe, ukukhulisa kunye nokulinganisela iimpawu phakathi kwe- neurons , okanye iiseli zesiswini kunye namanye amaseli emzimbeni. Ezi zithunywa zeekhemikhali ziyakuchaphazela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zomzimba kunye nezengqondo, kuquka intlawulo yesimo senhliziyo, ukulala, ukutya, ukukhathazeka kunye nokwesaba. Iibhiliyoni zeeurotransmitters zisebenza rhoqo ukugcina ubuchopho bethu busebenza, ukulawula yonke into ekuphefumla kwethu kwiintliziyo zethu ekufundeni nasekugxinineni kwethu.

Indlela abaSebenzi be-Neurotransmitters Work

Ukuze i-neurons ithumele imilayezo kuwo wonke umzimba, kufuneka ikwazi ukunxibelelana omnye komnye ukuthumela iimpawu. Nangona kunjalo, i-neurons ayixhunyiwe kuphela. Ekupheleni kwe-neuron nganye yincwadana encinane ebizwa ngokuba yi-synapse kwaye ukuze udibanise neseli elilandelayo, uphawu kufuneka lukwazi ukuwela le ndawo encinane. Oku kwenzeka ngeenkqubo ezibizwa ngokuba yi-neurotransmission.

Kwiimeko ezininzi, i-neurotransmitter ikhutshwa kwizinto ezibizwa ngokuba yi-axon terminal emva kokuba isenzo esinokuthi sifike kwi-syapse, indawo apho i-neurons ingadlulisela khona uphawu.

Xa isibonakaliso sombane sifinyelela ekupheleni kwe-neuron, kubangela ukukhululwa kweengxowa ezincinci ezibizwa ngokuba yi-vesicle eziqulethe i-neurotransmitters. Ezi ngxowa zichithe iziqulatho zazo kwi-synapse, apho i-neurotransmitters ihamba khona ngaphaya kweli qhekeza kumaseli angamelwane.

Ezi iiseli ziqulethe i-receptors apho i-neurotransmitters inokubopha kwaye ivelise utshintsho kwiiseli.

Emva kokukhululwa, i-neurotransmitter iwela i-synaptic gap kwaye idibanisa kwisayithi ye-receptor kwenye enye i-neuron, ingaba ivuyisa okanye ikhubaza i-neuron efumanayo kuye kuxhomekeke kwintoni umgcini we-neurotransmitter.

Ama-neurotransmitters enza njengento ephambili kunye nesenzo senkundla yesamkeli njengesitena. Kuthatha iqhosha elifanelekileyo ukuvula izitshixo ezithile. Ukuba i-neurotransmitter iyakwazi ukusebenza kummandla we-receptor, ibangela ukutshintshwa kwiseli efumanayo.

Ngamanye amaxesha i-neurotransmitters inokubopha kuma-receptors kwaye ibangela ukuba umbane ugqitywe phantsi kweseli (i-excitatory). Kwezinye iimeko, i-neurotransmitter inokuthi ikhusele umqondiso ekuqhubekeni, ukuthintela ukuba umyalezo ungagcinwa (ukuvimbela).

Ngoko kwenzeka ntoni kwi-neurotransmitter emva kokuba umsebenzi uphelile? Xa i-neurotransmitter ifumanekile, umsebenzi wayo unokumiswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.

Inokuhlaziywa okanye ikhutshwe ngama-enzyme
Iyakunyukela kude kwi-receptor
Iyakwazi ukuphinda iphindwe yi-axon ye-neuron eyayikhupha kwinkqubo eyaziwa ngokuba yi-reuptake

Ama-neurotransmitters adlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimpilo yemihla ngemihla kunye nokusebenza. Izazinzulu azikwazi ukuba zingaphi i-neurotransmitters ezikhoyo, kodwa kuye kwachongwa izithunywa zeekhemikhali ezili-100.

Ziziphi i-Neurotransmitters

Ama-neurotransmitters angabalwa ngokwasemsebenzini wabo:

Iinjongo ze-neurotransmitters ezixhasayo: Ezi ntlobo ze-neurotransmitter zineempembelelo ezivuyisayo kwi-neuron, oku kuthetha ukuba zandisa amathuba okuba i-neuron iya kutshisa isenzo esinakho.

Ezinye zezona zikhulu ze-excitatory neurotransmitter ziquka i-epinephrine kunye ne-norepinephrine.

Ama-neurotransmitter ezivimbelayo: Ezi ntlobo ze-neurotransmitters zinemiphumo yokuvimbela i-neuron; banciphisa amathuba okuba i-neuron iya kutshisa isenzo esinakho. Ezinye zezona zinzulu ezinkulu zokuvimbela i-serotonin kunye ne-gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).

Ezinye i-neurotransmitters, ezifana ne-acetylcholine kunye ne-dopamine, zingenza zombini imiphumo ekhutshweyo kunye neyayimimiselo ngokuxhomekeka kwimihlobo yee-receptors ezikhoyo.

I-neurotransmittermittermatic modulatory: Lezi zintsholongwane, ezidla ngokubhekiselwe njenge-neuromodulators, ziyakwazi ukuthintela inani elikhulu lee-neurons ngexesha elinye.

Laba bantu abachaphazelekayo banokuchaphazela nemiphumo yabanye abathunywa beekhemikhali. Apho i-synaptic neurotransmitters ikhutshwa yii-terminal ye-axon ukuba ibe nefuthe elisebenza ngokukhawuleza kwezinye i-receptor neurons, i-neuromodulators idibanisa kwindawo ephezulu kwaye iyabamba ngokukhawuleza.

Iintlobo zeeurotransmitters

Kukho iindlela ezininzi ezahlukileyo zokuhlaziya kunye nokwahlula i-neurotransmitters. Kwamanye amaxesha, ahlukane ngokwahlukileyo ngeemonoamines, amino acids, kunye neep peptides.

Ama-neurotransmitters anokukwahlula kwakhona kwiintlobo ezintandathu:

Amino Acids

I-Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) isebenza njengesigidimi esiphezulu somzimba. I-GABA inomdla kumbono, ukulawula imoto, kwaye idlala indima ekulawuleni ukuxhalaba. Benzodiazepines, ezisetyenziselwa ukunceda ukukhathazeka, ukusebenza ngokunyusa ukusebenza kwe-GABA neurotransmitters, ezinokunyusa iimvakalelo zokuphumla nokuzola.
I-Glutamate yintsholongwane enomdla kakhulu efunyenwe kwinkqubo yesantya apho idlala indima kwimisebenzi engqondweni njengememori nokufunda . Inani eligqithiseleyo le-glutamate lingaba ne-excitotoxicity ephumela ekufeni kweselula. Le ndlela eyenziwa yi-glutamate build-up ihambelana nezinye izifo kunye nokulimala kwengqondo kubandakanya isifo se-Alzheimer, i-stroke, kunye nesifo sokuhlutha.

Peptides

I-Oxytocin ibini ihomoni kunye ne-neurotransmitter. Iveliswa yi-hypothalamus kwaye idlala indima ekuqhelweni kwezenhlalakahle, ukudibanisa kunye nokuveliswa ngokwesondo. I-oxytocin ye-Synthetic njenge-Pitocin isoloko isetyenziswa njengoncedo ekusebenzeni nasekuhambisweni. I-oxytocin ne-Pitocin zibangela ukuba isibeleko sivumelane ngexesha lobasebenzi.
I-Endorphins yi-neurotransmitters ngaphezu kokuvimbela ukuhanjiswa kweempawu zentlungu kunye nokukhuthaza ukuvakalelwa. Ezi zithunywa zeekhemikhali ziveliswa ngokwemvelo ngumzimba ekuphenduleni intlungu, kodwa nazo zingabangela ezinye izinto ezifana nokuzivocavoca kwe-aerobic. Umzekelo, ukufumana "umgijimi ophakamileyo" ngumzekelo weemvakalelo ezimnandi eziveliswa yimveliso ye-endorphins.

Monoamines

I-Epinephrine ithathwa njenge-hormone ne-neurotransmitter. Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-epinephrine (i-adrenaline) yi-hormone yoxinzelelo ekhutshwa yinkqubo ye-adrenal. Nangona kunjalo, isebenza njenge-neurotransmitter engqondweni.
I-Norepinephrine yintsholongwane edlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqaphelweni ibandakanyekile ekuloleni komzimba okanye kwimpendulo yendiza . Inendima yayo kukunceda ukukhuthaza umzimba kunye nengqondo ukuba ithathe amanyathelo ngexesha leengozi okanye uxinzelelo. Amanqanaba alo mqondo we-neurotransmitter ngokuqhelekileyo aphantsi kakhulu ngexesha lokulala nokuphakamileyo ngexesha loxinzelelo.
Iimbali zenza i-neurotransmitter engqondweni nasemgodleni. Idlala indima ekusebenziseni ukuguquka kwaye iveliswa njengenxalenye yempendulo yokuzivikela ngamajoni omzimba kumagciwane.
I-Dopamine idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekusebenzisaneni nokuhamba komzimba. I-Dopamine ikwabandakanyeka kumvuzo, ukukhuthazwa, kunye nezongezo. Zininzi iintlobo zamachiza omluthayo zonyusa izinga le-dopamine kwingqondo. Isifo se-Parkinson, esiyisifo esiyingozi esiphumela ekudakaleni kweentlungu kunye nokuhamba kwemoto, kubangelwa ukulahlekelwa kwe-neopon-generating neurons engqondweni.
I-Serotonin ineyona indima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni nasekuhambiseni indlela yokulala, ukulala, ukuxhalaba, ukuziphatha ngokwesini kunye nesondlo. I-serotonin i-reuptake inhibitors ekhethiweyo , ngokuqhelekileyo ibizwa ngokuba yi-SSRIs, yindlela yokuxhatshazwa kwezilwanyana ezixhatshazwayo eziqhelekileyo ukuba ziphathwe ukunyamezela, ukukhathazeka, ukuphazamiseka kwesifo, kunye nokuphazamiseka. I-SSRIs isebenza ukulinganisela amanqanaba e-serotonin ngokuthintela ukubuyiswa kwakhona kwe-serotonin kwingqondo, engayinceda ukuphucula imizwa kunye nokunciphisa iimvakalelo zokuxhalabisa.

Iimigodi

I-Adenosine yenza njenge-neuromodulator engqondweni kwaye ibandakanyekile ekukhuliseni nasekuvuseleleni ubuthongo.
I-Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) isebenza njenge-neurotransmitter kwiinkqubo eziphakathi kunye neendlela zokuphazamiseka . Idlala indima ekulawuleni okuzimeleyo, ukutshintshwa kweengqondo, kunye noqhagamshelwano kunye neeseli ze-glial. Uphando lucebisa ukuba lunokuba nengxenye kwezinye iingxaki zeengxaki ezibandakanya intlungu, ukuxhwaleka, kunye nezifo ezibangelwa yi-neurodeergenerative.

Gasotransmitters

I-oxide ye-nitric inendima ekuchaphazeni izihlunu ezihamba kakuhle, ziphumule ukuba zivumele imivenge yegazi ihluthe kwaye ikhulise ukuhamba kwegazi kwiindawo ezithile zomzimba.
I-carbon monoxide idla ngokubizwa ngokuba yigesi engenabalabala, engenangqungquthela enokuthi ibe nefuthe eliyingozi kunye neyobungozi xa abantu bevelele kumazinga aphezulu ale nkunkuma. Nangona kunjalo, iveliswa ngokwemvelo ngumzimba apho isebenza njengemvolontiyitha eyenza ukulungisa ukuphendula komzimba.

Acetylcholine

I-Acetylcholine yiyo kuphela i-neurotransmitter kwiklasi. Efunyenwe kwiinkqubo zombindi ze-central ne-peripheral, yinto yokuqala ye-neurotransmitter ehambelana ne-neurons. Idlala indima kwimisipha yokunyakaza kunye nememori nokufunda.

Yintoni eyenzekayo Xa ama-Neurotransmitters aSebenzi kakuhle

Njengokuba kukho ezininzi iinkqubo zomzimba, izinto ngezinye izihlandlo zihamba ngokukhawuleza. Mhlawumbi akumangalisi ukuba inkqubo inkulu kwaye iyinkimbinkimbi njengoko inkqubo yesantya yomntu iya kuba neengxaki.

Ezinye zezinto ezinokungahambi kakuhle ziquka:

I-Neurons ingenakuvelisa ngokwaneleyo i-neurotransmitter ethile
Uninzi lwe-neurotransmitter ethile inokukhutshwa
Zininzi ezininzi ze-neurotransmitter zingasetyenziswa ngama-enzyme
Ama-neurotransmitters angabuyiselwa kwakhona ngokukhawuleza

Xa i-neurotransmitter ichaphazeleka zizifo okanye iziyobisi, kunokubakho inani leempembelelo ezahlukeneyo emzimbeni. Izifo ezinjenge-Alzheimer's, ukuxhonywa , kunye ne-Parkinson zidibene neentsilelo kwiindawo ezithile ze-neurotransmitters.

Abaqeqeshi bezeMpilo bayaqaphela indima i-neurotransmitters engayidlala ngayo kwiimeko zempilo yengqondo, yingakho amayeza anempembelelo kwizenzo zezithunywa zeekhemikhali zomzimba zihlala zimiselwe ukunyanga iimeko ezahlukeneyo zengqondo .

Ngokomzekelo, i-dopamine inxulumene nezinto ezinjengomlutha kunye ne-schizophrenia. I-Serotonin idlala indima ekukhathazekeni kwemizwelo kuquka nokudandatheka kunye ne-OCD. Iziyobisi, ezifana nee-SSRIs, zinokumiselwa ngamagqirha kunye nabagula ngengqondo ukuze bancede baphathe iimpawu zokudandatheka okanye ukuxhalabisa. Maxa wambi amayeza asetyenziswa yedwa, kodwa angasetyenziswa ngokubambisana nezinye iindlela zokwelapha eziquka unyango lwe- cognitive-behavioral .

Iziyobisi ezithonya ama-Neurotransmitters

Isicelo esona sisona sikhulu kakhulu sokufumanisa kunye nokuqonda okucacileyo malunga nendlela umsebenzi wama-neurotransmitters kuye kwaba kukuphuhliswa kweziyobisi ezichaphazela ukuhanjiswa kweekhemikhali. Ezi zi yobisi ziyakwazi ukutshintsha imiphumo yeeurotransmitters, ezinokunciphisa iimpawu zezifo ezithile.

Ama-Agonist vs abaphikisanayo: Ezinye iziyobisi zibizwa ngokuba yi-agonists kwaye zisebenza ngokunyusa imiphumo ye-neurotransmitters ethile. Ezinye iziyobisi kwaye zibhekiswa njengabachasene kwaye zenza okuthintela imiphumo ye-neurotransmission.
Impembelelo ngokuthe ngqo ngqo: Ezi zi yobisi zonyango zingaphinda ziphulwe phantsi ngokubhekiselele ekubeni zineempembelelo ngqo okanye ngqo. Labo abachaphazelekayo basebenze ngokulinganisa ama-neurotransmitters kuba bafana kakhulu kwi-chemical structure. Abo baneempembelelo ezingekho ngqo malunga nokusebenza kwi-receippor receptors.

Iziyobisi ezinokuchaphazela ukukhishwa kwe-neurotransmission ziquka amayeza asetyenziswa ukuphatha unyango kuquka ukuxinezeleka kunye nokuxhalabisa, njenge-SSRIs, i-trycyclic antidepressants kunye ne- benzodiazepines .

Iidakamizwa ezingekho mthethweni ezifana ne-heroin, i-cocaine kunye ne-marijuana nazo zinempembelelo kwi-neurotransmission. I-Heroin isebenza njenge-agonist esebenza ngokuthe ngqo, efanisa i-opioids yengqondo yengqondo eyaneleyo ukuze ivuselele i-receptors. I-Cocaine ngumzekelo wezonyango ezingabonakaliyo ezichaphazela ukuhanjiswa kwe-dopamine.

Ukuchonga ama-Neurotransmitters

Ukuchongwa ngokuqinisekileyo kwezi-neurotransmitters kunokuba nzima kakhulu. Nangona izazinzulu ziyakwazi ukubona i-vesicles ezinama-neurotransmitters, ukucinga ukuba zeziphi iikhemikhali ezigcinwe kwi-vesicles akulula.

Ngenxa yoko, izazinzulu zenzululwazi ziye zavelisa inani lezikhokelo zokuqwalasela ukuba ingekho imichiza kufuneka ichazwe njengendlela ye-neurotransmitter:

Iikhemikhali kufuneka ziveliswe ngaphakathi kwe-neuron.
I-enzyme efunekayo yokupasa imele ibe khona kwi-neuron.
Kufuneka kubekho okwaneleyo kwimizi yamachiza ukuba ibe nefuthe kwi-neuron ye-postsynaptic.
Imichiza kufuneka ikhutshwe yi-neuron ye-presynaptic, kwaye i-neuron ye-postsynaptic ifanele iqulethe i-receptors eziza kubopha imichiza.
Kufuneka kube neendlela zokuvuselela kwakhona okanye i-enzyme ekhoyo eyenza isenzo seekhemikhali.

ILizwi

Ama-neurotransmitters adlala indima ebalulekileyo ekunxibelelaneni kweengxoxo, ekuthintela yonke into esuka kwiminyango engenazinyathelo zokufunda. Le nkqubo inzima kwaye idibanisene kakhulu. Ama-neurotransmitters enza ngendlela ekhethekileyo, kodwa anokuchaphazeleka nezifo, iziyobisi, okanye nakwizenzo zabanye abathunywa beekhemikhali.

> Imithombo:

> Benarroch, EE. I-Adenosine triphosphate: Uphawu oluthile lweekhemikhali kwi-system ye-nervous. Neurology. 2010; 74 (7). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181d03762.

> Kring, A M., Johnson, SL, Davison, GC, & Neale, J M. Ingqondo yengqondo engabonakaliyo . Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Son; 2010.

> Magon, N & Kalra, S. Umlando we-orgasmic we-oxytocin: Uthando, ukukhanga kunye nokusebenza. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2011; 15: S156-S161. i-doi: 10.4103 / 2230-8210.84851.

> Verkhratsky, A & Krishtal, OA. I-Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) njenge-neurotransmitter. In Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, 4 Ed. Elsevier: 115-123; 2009.