Yintoni ebonisa ukuba umntwana ukhula njani? Nangona kungenakwenzeka ukuphendula ngempembelelo nganye echaphazela ukuba ngubani ekugqibeleni umntwana uba, oko abaphandi abakwenzayo kubheka ezinye zezinto ezibonakalayo. Ezi zibandakanya izinto ezinjenge-genetics, umzali, amava , abahlobo, intsapho, imfundo kunye nobudlelwane. Ngokuqonda indima ezi zinto zidlala, abaphandi bangakwazi ukufumanisa ukuba zinjalo iimpembelelo zenza ukuba uphuhliso.
Cinga ngezi mpembelelo njengezakhiwo zakhiwo. Ngelixa abaninzi abantu bavame ukuba nezakhiwo ezifanayo ezisisiseko, ezi zixhobo zingafakwa ndawonye kwinani elingenamlinganiselo. Cinga ngobuntu bakho bonke. Ubuninzi bokuba ungubani namhlanje obunjwa yimvelaphi yakho yemfuza, kwaye uninzi kangakanani umphumela wokuphila kwakho kwamava?
Lo mbuzo uphazamise iingcali zefilosofi, izazi zeengqondo kunye nootitshala ngamakhulu eminyaka kwaye zihlala zibizwa ngokuba yi- nature versus development debate. Ngaba sisiphumo sendalo (imvelaphi yethu yemfuza) okanye sikhule (indawo yethu)? Namhlanje, abaninzi abaphandi bavuma ukuba uphuhliso lwabantwana lubandakanya ukusebenzisana okunzima kokubambisana kunye nokunyusa. Nangona ezinye iinkalo zophuhliso zingatshintshelwa kakhulu yi-biology, iimpembelelo zendalo zingabamba indima. Ngokomzekelo, ixesha lokuqalisa ukutshatyalaliswa kwexesha kubangelwa ukuqala kokunyuka kubangelwa yimiphumo yobuncwane, kodwa izinto ezinokusingqongileyo ezifana nezondlo zingaba nefuthe.
Ukususela kumaxesha okuqala obubomi, ukusebenzisana kobuhlwempu kunye nokusingqongileyo kusebenza ukuloba obani abantwana nokuba ngubani abaya kubakho. Ngelixa imiyalelo yezofuzo umntwana azuze kubazali bakhe inokubeka imephu yendlela yokuphuhlisa, imo yendalo ingachaphazela indlela ezi zichazwe ngayo, ezibunjwa okanye iziganeko.
Ukusebenzisana okunzima kwezendalo kunye nokondla akukwenzeka nje ngexesha elithile okanye ngamaxesha athile; iphikelela kwaye iyaphila.
Kule nqaku, siza kujonga ngokuthe ngqo indlela iimpembelelo ze-biological zikunceda ngayo ukuphuhlisa abantwana . Siza kufunda ngokubanzi malunga namava ethu asebenzisana ngayo ne-genetics kwaye sifunde ngezinye zeengxaki zofuzo ezinokuba nefuthe kwengqondo kwengqondo nophuhliso lwabantwana .
Ixesha eliPhambili kwePhuhliso
Ekuqaleni kwayo, ukukhula komntwana kuqala xa iseli lesityalo sokuzala, okanye isidoda, singena kwi-membrane ekhuselekileyo yesalathisi yokuzala, okanye i-ovum. I-sperm kunye ne-ovum nganye ziqukethe i-chromosomes esebenza njengesicwangciso somntu wobomi. Izahlulo eziqulethwe kuma-chromosomes zenziwe ngesakhiwo semichiza esibizwa ngokuba yi-DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) equlethe i-code, okanye imiyalelo, eyenza bonke ubomi. Ngaphandle kwendoda kunye ne-ova, onke amaseli emzimbeni aqukethe i-chromosomes ezingama-46. Njengoko ucinga ukuba, i-sperm kunye ne-ova nganye iqulethe kuphela ii-chromosomes ezingama-23. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba xa iiseli ezimbini zidibana, i-organisms entsha edala ine-chromosomes eyi-46.
Ubume bendalo bubangela njani ukubonakalisa i-Gene?
Ngoko ke imigaqo yezofuzo ezidlulileyo ukusuka kubazali bobabini zichaphazela njani indlela umntwana ekhula ngayo kunye neempawu abaza kuba nazo?
Ukuze ukwazi ukuqonda ngoku, oko kubalulekile ukuqala ukwahlula phakathi kwelifa lomfuzo lomntwana kunye nentsingiselo yangempela yalezo zintlobo. I-genotype ibhekisela kuzo zonke iizakhi ezifakwe ngumntu. I-phenotype yindlela ezi zenziwe ngayo. I-phenotype inokubandakanya iimpawu zomzimba, ezifana nobude kunye nombala okanye amehlo, kunye nezici ezingenanto ezifana neentloni kunye nokuxubusha.
Nangona i-genotype yakho ingabonisa indlela yokwenza abantwana bakhulise ngayo, indlela ezi bhloko zokwakha ezidibaniswa ngayo zibonisa indlela ezi ziza kubonakala ngayo. Cinga nje ngofana nje nokwakha indlu.
Iprogram efanayo iya kubangela uluhlu lwamakhaya ahlukeneyo akhangeleka ngokufanayo, kodwa abe neengxaki ezibalulekileyo ezixhomekeke kwizinto eziphathekayo kunye nombala owenziwe ngexesha lokwakhiwa.
Ziziphi Izinto Ezichaphazelayo Iimpawu ZamaGenesis?
Kuthe okanye ingekho i-gene ibonakaliswe kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezimbini ezihlukeneyo: ukusebenzisana kwe-gene kunye nezinye izakhi zegesi kunye nokusebenzisana okuqhubekayo phakathi kwe-genotype kunye nendalo.
- Ukusebenzisana kwe-Genetic: Ngezinye izikhathi izilwanyana zingenalo ulwazi oluphikisanayo, kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi, imfuyo enye iya kuphumelela ukulwa. Ezinye izakhi zofuzo zisebenza ngendlela eyongeziweyo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba umntwana unomzali omde kunye nomzali omfutshane, umntwana unokuphelisa uhlula ngokuphakama komyinge. Kwezinye iimeko, ezinye izakhi zegesi zilandela umzekelo ophezulu. Umbala wamehlo ngumzekelo omnye wezinto eziphezulu eziphambili ezisebenzayo. Imfuza yamehlo emdaka ibaluleke kakhulu kwaye imfuza yamehlo aluhlaza. Ukuba umzali omnye unika phantsi i-brown eye ijongene nombala xa umnye umzali ehlisa phantsi i-eye eye ye-blue eye, i-gene ephezulu iya kuphumelela kwaye umntwana uya kuba nombala omdaka.
- I-Gene-Intsebenziswano yokusingqongileyo: Imo engqongileyo umntwana ubonakaliswe kuzo zombini kwi-utero kunye nayo yonke imihla yobomi bakhe inokuchaphazela nendlela izakhi zezofuzo ezichazwe ngayo. Umzekelo, ukuchazwa kwezidakamizwa eziyingozi ngelixa utero ingaba nefuthe eliphawulekayo ekuphuhlisweni kwabantwana kamva. Ukuphakama ngumzekelo omhle wohlobo lwezofuzo ezingaba nefuthe kwiimeko zokusingqongileyo. Nangona i-code ye-genetic yomntwana inokunika imiyalelo yokuphakama, ukubonakaliswa kwalo mphakamo kunokucatshiswa ukuba umntwana unesondlo esingenasimo okanye isigulo esingapheliyo.
Iimpawu ezingaqhelekanga
Imiyalelo ye-Genetic ayilunganga kwaye iyakwazi ukuhamba ngomzila ngamanye amaxesha. Ngamanye amaxesha xa kubunjwa ummi okanye i-ovum, inani lama-chromosomes lingabelana ngokungafaniyo, okubangela ukuba inyama ibe neyingaphantsi kwama-chromosomes angama-23. Xa enye yeeseli ezingaqhelekanga zidibanisa neseli eqhelekileyo, i-zygote eziphumo ziza kuba neenombolo ze-chromosomes ezingalinganiyo. Abaphengululi bacacisa ukuba inxalenye yesigidi sazo zonke iiflethi ezinama-chromosomes angaphezulu kwama-23, kodwa ezininzi zazo zichithwa ngokukhawuleza kwaye zingaze zikhule zibe yintsana epheleleyo.
Kwezinye iimeko, iintsana zizalwe ngenani elingavumelekanga lama-chromosomes. Kuzo zonke iziganeko, umphumo luhlobo oluthile lwe-syndrome kunye nesethi yeempawu ezahlukileyo.
Ukungaqhelekanga kwe-Chromosomes yoSondo
Uninzi lwabazalwayo, abafana kunye namantombazana, ubuncinane bodwa i-X ye-chromosome. Kwezinye iimeko, malunga ne-1 kuzo zonke izalelwa ezingama-500, abantwana bazalwa benesifo se-chromosome okanye i-chromosome eyongezelelweyo yesondo. I-Klinefelter syndrome, isifo se-Fragile X kunye ne-Turner syndrome yimizekelo yezinto ezingaqhelekanga ezibandakanya i-chromosomes yesini.
I-Kleinfelter's syndrome kubangelwa i-X eyongezelelweyo ye-chromosome kwaye ibonakala ngokungabikho kokuphuhliswa kweempawu zesini kunye nolwazi lokukhubazeka.
Isifo se-Fragile X sibangelwa xa inxalenye ye-X i-chromosome iqhotyoshelweyo kwezinye i-chromosomes ngolu hlobo oluncinci lwee-molecules ezibonakala zingengozini yokuphuka. Inokuchaphazela bonke abesilisa nabesifazane, kodwa impembelelo iyahluka. Abanye abane-Fragile X babonisa ambalwa ukuba kukho nayiphi na impawu, ngelixa ezinye zikhula zize zenzeke ngokukhawuleza kwengqondo.
I-Turner syndrome yenzeka xa i-chromosome enye yesini (i-X chromosome) ikhona. Ichaphazela kuphela amabhinqa kwaye inokuphumela kwisigxina esifutshane, intamo "ebanjwe" kunye nokungabikho kwempawu zesini zesibini. Ukukhubazeka kwengqondo ehambelana ne-Turner syndrome kubandakanya ukukhubazeka kokufunda kunye nobunzima ukuqonda iimvakalelo ezihanjiswe ebusweni .
Down Syndrome
Uhlobo oluqhelekileyo lwe-chromosomal disorder lubizwa ngokuba yi-trisomy 21, okanye i-Down syndrome. Kule meko, umntwana unama-chromosomes amathathu kwisayithi yama-chromosomes angama-21 endaweni yesibini eqhelekileyo. I-Down syndrome ibonakaliswa yimpawu zobuso kuquka ubuso obunzima, amehlo adibeneyo kunye nolwimi olunzima. Abantu abane-Down syndrome banokujamelana nezinye iingxaki zomzimba kubandakanya ukungaphumeleli kwentliziyo kunye neengxaki zokuva. Phantse bonke abantu abane-Down syndrome bafumana uluhlobo oluthile lokukhubazeka kwengqondo, kodwa ubunzima obuchanekileyo bunokuhluka ngokuphawulekayo.
Iingcamango Zokugqibela
Kucacile ukuba i-genetics inefuthe elikhulu kwindlela umntwana ekhula ngayo. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuba ukhumbule ukuba i-genetics yinto enye nje yepuzzlikhi enzima eyenza ubomi bomntwana. Utshintsho olusingqongileyo, kuquka ukuzala , inkcubeko, imfundo kunye nolwalamano loluntu ludlala indima ebalulekileyo.
Iingxelo
Berger, KS (2000). Umntu ophuhlisayo: Ukususela ebuntwaneni kunye nasebuntwaneni. IYew York: Abapapashi abafanelekileyo.
UKlinefelter, HF (1986). "I-Klinefelter syndrome: imbali yembali kunye nophuhliso". UMzantsi Med J 79 (45): 1089-1093.
UMiko, I. I. (2008) Ulawulo lwe-Genetic: ubudlelwane be-genotype-phenotype. Imfundo Yendalo 1 (1)
ILayibrari kaZwelonke yamayeza (2007). Imferensi yasekhaya ye-Genetics: I-X ye-syndrome.
I-Turner's Syndrome. Encyclopedia Britannica.