1 - Amazwi amnandi ngoBuntu
Ubuntu busenza sibe ngabani. Ichaphazela phantse yonke into ebomini bethu kuquka oko sikhetha ukukwenza ukuze siphile, indlela esinxibelelana ngayo kunye neentsapho zethu, kunye nokukhetha kwabahlobo kunye namaqabane abathandanayo. Kodwa ziziphi izinto ezichaphazela ubuntu bethu? Ngaba sinokuguqula ubuqu bethu, okanye ngaba iimpawu zethu zihlala zihlala zihlala ubomi?
Ekubeni ubuntu bunesihloko esinomdla kangaka, sele sesinye sezifundo eziphandwa kakhulu ngaphakathi kwengqondo. Ndiyabulela kulo lonke uphando, izazi zeengqondo zifunde kakhulu ngezinto ezichaphazela ubuntu kunye nendlela ubuntu obuthonya ngayo ukuziphatha kwethu.
Qhubeka ufunda ukuze ufumane okungakumbi malunga nento abaphandi abayifunde kule nyaniso ezilishumi ezinomdla ngobuntu.
Umyalelo wokuzalwa wesi-2 unokuthintela ubuntu bakho
Mhlawumbi uye wakuva ngale ngcamango ngaphambili. Abantwana bokuqala abazalwa bavame ukuchazwa ngokuthi "bossy" okanye "abaxanduva," ngoxa abantwana bokugqibela abazalwa ngokucacileyo bachazwa ngokuba "bengenakuziphendulela" kwaye "bangenangqondo." Kodwa yintoni inyaniso le miqondo eqhelekileyo?
Kwiminyaka emininzi, iincwadi zengqondo ze-pop zenza imiphumo yokuzalwa komntu, kodwa ubungqina obunzima kule nkqubela behlala bungekho kude kube kutshanje. Izifundo ezimbalwa zeengcali zifumene ukuba izinto ezifana nokuzalwa kokuzalwa kunye nosayizi lwentsapho lunokuba nefuthe lobuntu. Olunye uphando lufumanise ukuba ukuzalwa komyalelo kunokuchaphazela ukhetho lwakho lwabahlobo kunye namaqabane omtshato; Oonyana bokuqala bavame ukudibanisa nabanye abazalwa kuqala, abazalwa phakathi kunye nabanye abazalwa phakathi, nabokugqibela abazalwe ngabantwana bokugqibela.
Olunye uphando olutshanje olushicilelwe kwiphepha le-PNAS licebise ukuba ezininzi iinkolelo ezinxulumene nomyalelo wokuzalwa, njengabantwana bokuqala abazalwayo okanye abadlulileyo abazalwa bengenakuxanduva, abayi kubamba amanzi.
Uphononongo lubhekise kwizifundo ezingaphezu kwama-5,000 zaseMerika, malunga nezifundo ezingama-4,500 zaseBrithani, kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba abangama-10 000 baseJamani. Ngoxa abaphandi befumene ukuba abantwana bokuqala bazama ukulinganisa ngokubhekiselele kwiimvavanyo zengqondo, bajonga nendlela yokuzalwa yokuthintela ngayo ulwazi oluzimeleyo malunga nobunzima obuhlanu obubanzi bomntu : ukuxubusha , ukungaboni kakuhle, ukuvumelanisa, ukunyaniseka , nokuvuleka. Uphononongo lufumene ubungqina obuncinci obuxhasa uxhulumaniso phakathi kokuzalwa komyalelo kunye nomlingiswa.
Ngeli xesha lo uphando aluthetha ukuba ukuzaliswa komyalelo ongenalo impembelelo ebuntwini, kubonisa ukuba uphando olongezelelweyo lufunekayo.
3 - Ubuntu bakho buxhomekeke kuBomi bonke
Ngaba ucinga ukuba ubuntu bunokutshintsha ngexesha elide, okanye ingqondo yakho esekelwe kwilitye? Kwiinkqubela zexesha elide zobuntu, ezinye zezona zinto ziphambili zobuntu zihlala zizinzile kulo lonke ubomi. Imiba emithathu edla ukutshintsha njengoko sineminyaka yobudala, uxolo, kunye nokulangazelela amava.
Ngokomphandi uPaul T. Costa Jr., akukho bukho ubungqina bethu bobuqu bobuninzi buguquka njengoko sikhula.
"Ziziphi iinguqu njengoko uhamba ebomini yimiba yakho kunye nemiba ebaluleke kakhulu kuwe .Abantu banokucinga ukuba ubuntu babo buntshintsho njengoko bekhula, kodwa imikhwa yabo ishintsha, amandla abo kunye nempilo, uxanduva lwabo kunye neemeko - kungekhona ubuntu bakhe obusisiseko, "wacetyiswa kwinqaku laseNew York Times .
4 - Impawu zobuntu zixhamene nezifo ezithile
Kwixesha elidlulileyo, ubuninzi beempawu zobuntu ezahlukeneyo bakhankanywa ukuba banegalelo kwizifo ezithile. Ngokomzekelo, ubundlobongela kunye nobudlova babedla ngokudibanisa nesifo senhliziyo. Ubunzima kukuba nangona ezinye iingcaphephe ziza kubonakalisa ikhonkco, ezinye iingcaphephe azibonanga ukuxhamla okunjalo.
Ngoku kutshanje, abaphandi baye basebenzisa indlela yokubala ebizwa ngokuba yi-meta-analysis ukuze kuphinde ihlolisiswe uphando olwangaphambili malunga nokuqhagamshelana phakathi kobuntu nezifo. Oko bakufumanisa kwakukho ukudibanisa kwangaphambili okungaqatshelwayo phakathi kweempawu zobuntu kunye nezifo ezihlanu; intloko, isifo se-asthma, i-arthritis, izilonda ze-peptic kunye nesifo senhliziyo.
Olunye uphando lucetyiswa ukuba utywaba lunokudibaniswa nokuphila okufutshane.
5 - Izilwanyana Zihlukeneyo
Ngaba kubonakala ngathi isilwanyana sakho esithandayo sinomntu okwenza ukuba abe yedwa? Abaphandi bezilwanyana baye bafumana izilwanyana eziphantse kuzo zonke iintlobo zezilwanyana (ukususela kwizigulane ukuya kwiintaka kuya kwindlovu) zinobuqu babo kunye nezinto ezithandayo, iimpawu kunye neziqu eziqhubekayo ebomini.
Nangona abanye abahlalutyi bethetha ukuba oku kubonakalisa i-anthropomorphism, okanye ukuchazela impawu zabantu kwizilwanyana, abaphandi bemizimba yezilwanyana baye bakwazi ukujonga iipatheni zokuziphatha ezingaguquguqukiyo ezinokulinganiswa kunye nokuvavanywa.
6 - Uphando lwangoku luphakamisa ukuba kukho izinto ezinhlanu zokuziphatha
Kwixesha elidlulileyo, abaphandi baxubusha ngokucacileyo ukuba ziphi izici zobuntu . Abaphandi bokuqala njengoGordon Allport bacebisa ukuba kukho ubuninzi beempawu zobuntu ezi-4,000, kanti abanye njengoRaymond Cattell bacebisa ukuba kukho ezili-16.
Namhlanje, abaninzi abaphandi benkxaso baxhasa inkcazo yezinto ezinhlanu zobuntu , echaza ubukhulu bomntu obanzi obumba ubuntu bomntu:
- U kukhutshwa
- Ukungqinelana
- Unembeza
- Neuroticism
- Ukuvuleka
I-7 - Ubuntu buchaphazela ukukhetha okuBodwa
Kungenakwethuka ukuba ufumene ukuba ubuntu bakho bunokuba nompembelelo omkhulu kwizinto ozikhethayo, kodwa unokumangaliswa yindlela ekufikelele ngayo le miphumo. Kususela ekukhetheni kwakho abahlobo ekuthandeni kwakho kumculo , ubuntu bakho obuyingqayizivele buyakuchukumisa phantse yonke into oyikhethayo ebomini bakho bemihla ngemihla.
Ngokomzekelo, ngelixa usenokuziqhayisa ngokuqwalasela ngokucophelela imiba phambi kokukhetha umviwa ukuba axhaswe, uphando lubonisa ukuba umntu unokudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiintando zezopolitiko. Olunye uphando olwenziwa ngabaphengululi kwiYunivesithi yaseToronto lubone ukuba abantu abazizibona njengabagciniweyo babeziphakamileyo kwimpawu ezibizwa ngokuba yi-orderliness, ngoxa abo bazibiza ngokuba ngabanomdla babenemfesane ephezulu.
Abaphandi bacetyisa ukuba ezi zinto zifuna ukugcina umyalelo okanye ukubonakalisa uvelwano zingaba nefuthe elinamandla kwimpando yezopolitiko.
8 - Abantu banokugweba ngokuchanekileyo Ubuntu bakho ngokusekelwe kwiProfayili yakho ye-Facebook
Xa ucinga malunga nolwazi lwe-intanethi yabantu, unokucinga ukuba abaninzi abantu bazama ukubonisa ingcamango yabo yokwenene. Emva kwakho konke, kwiimeko ezininzi kwi-intanethi ufanele ukhethe kwaye ukhethe ulwazi olufunayo. Ufika ukhethe iifoto ezithandekayo zakho ukuthumela kwaye ungahlela uphinde ubuyekeze amazwana akho ngaphambi kokuba wenze. Okumangalisa kukuba, uphando oluthile lufumanisa ukuba iingxelo ze-Facebook zinyani kakuhle ekuhambiseni ubuntu bakho boqobo .
Kwisifundo, abaphandi bajonga iingxelo ze-intanethi zabantu abangama-236 base-College. Abathathi-nxaxheba baphinde bazalise iimbuzo ezilungiselelwe ukulinganisa iimpawu zobuntu kuquka ukuxubusha, ukuvumelanisa, ukunyaniseka, ukungaboni kakuhle, nokuvuleka.
Abaqapheli bavavanya ubuqu babantu abathathi-nxaxheba ngokusekelwe kwiprofayili ye-intanethi, kwaye ezi ngqalelo zifaniswa nemiphumo yemibuzo yabantu. Abaphandi bafumanisa ukuba ababukeli bakwazi ukufunda ngokuchanekileyo ngobuntu bomntu ngokusekelwe kwiprofayili yabo ye-Facebook.
"Ndicinga ukuba ukukwazi ukubonakalisa ubuntu ngokuchanekileyo kunomdla ekuthandweni kwe-intanethi ye-intanethi ngeendlela ezimbini," wachaza umqondo weengqondo kunye nomlobi ongumongameli uSam Gosling. Okokuqala, ivumela abanikazi beeprofayili ukuba bazise abanye abo kwaye, ngokwenza njalo, banelisekile isidingo esisisiseko sokwaziwa ngabanye. Okwesibini, kuthetha ukuba ababukeli beeprofayili banomuva wokuba bayathemba ulwazi abalutholayo kwiinkcukacha zentanethi yenethiwekhi ye-intanethi. , ukwakha ukuzithemba kwabo kwinkqubo yonke. "
9 - Izinto ezininzi ezinokubangela ukuphazamiseka komntu
Kulinganiselwa ukuba abantu abadala aba-10 ukuya ku-15% baseUnited States bafumana iimpawu zentsingiselo yomntu omnye. Abaphandi baye bafumanisa izinto ezinokuba negalelo ekuqaleni kweengxaki ezahlukeneyo zobuntu ezifana nokukhathazeka okunyanzelekileyo kunye nomngcipheko wendalo.
Ezi zinto ziquka:
- Genetics
- Ulwalamano noontanga
- Ukuphakamisa ukuqonda
- Ukuhlukunyezwa ngamazwi
- Ingxaki yomntwana
I-10 - Iimpawu zeKardina ziqhelekile
Isazi sengqondo uGordon Allport sichaza iimpawu zamakhadi njengalezo ezazilawula ubomi bomntu ukuya kwimeko apho umntu owaziwayo kwaye edlalwa ngokuchanekileyo ngolu hlobo. Ezi zimpawu zibhekwa njengeziqabile, nangona kunjalo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, abantu baziwa kakhulu ngale mpawu ukuba amagama abo bafana nelo hlobo lobuntu. Cinga imvelaphi yale migama esetyenziswa rhoqo: Freudian, Machiavellian, i-narcissistic, uDon Juan, kunye noKristu.
Kwabaninzi abantu, ubuninzi bomntu benziwa ngumxube weempawu eziphambili nezesekondari. Iimpawu eziphambili yizo ezenza isiseko esisisiseko somntu, ngelixa iinkalo zesibini zihambelana nezikhethwayo, izimo zengqondo kunye nezimo zokuziphatha.
11 - I-Pet yakho Ingabonakalisa Ulwazi Ngobuntu Bakho
Ngaba unokuzicingela ngokwakho "umntu onja" okanye "umntu wecati"? Ngokomnye uphando, impendulo yakho kulo mbuzo ingabonakalisa ulwazi olubalulekileyo ngobuntu bakho.
Kuhlolisiso lwabantu abangama-4 500, abaphandi babuze iqhaza ukuba ngaba bazicingela ukuba bangabantu abakhulu beenja okanye abantu beekati. Laba bantu baphinde bagqiba uvavanyo lomntu olulinganisa ubuninzi beempawu ezibandakanya unembeza, ukuvuleka, ukungaboni kakuhle, nokuvumelanisa.
Abaphandi bafumanisa ukuba abantu abazibona njengabantu beenja babefuna ukunyanelisa abanye, ngelixa abo bazichazela ngokuba ngabantu bekati bafuna ukufumana ulwazi olungakumbi.
Ngokomphandi uSam Gosling, isazi sezengqondo kwiYunivesithi yaseTexas-Austin, iziphumo zinokuba nefuthe elibalulekileyo kwinkalo yonyango lwezilwanyana. Ngokusebenzisa ubomi bemizimba , oogqirha banokukwazi ukufanisa abantu abaneemfuno nezilwanyana ezifanelekileyo kakhulu kubuntu babo.
> Imithombo:
> Angier, N. KwanaPhakathi kwezilwanyana: iinkokeli, abalandeli kunye ne-Schmoozers. I-New York Times ; 2010.
> Friedman HS, iBooth-Kewley S. "Ubuntu obuthathwe ngumzimba": Imboniselo ye-Meta-Analytical of the Construct. Iingcali zeMilo zaseMerika. 1987; 42: 539-555.
> Goleman, D. Ubuntu: Amanqaku amaninzi afunyaniswe ngokuzinzileyo kulo lonke ubomi. I-New York Times ; 1987 .
> Gosling, SD, Sandy, CJ, & Potter, J. Ubuntu bokuzichazela "Inja yabantu" kunye ne "Cat People". Anthrozoös, 2010; 1-23, 213-222.
> Hartshorne, JK Indlela Umyalelo Wokuzalwa Ochaphazela Ngayo Ubuntu Bakho. Scientific American . http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=ku-
> Huff, C. Xa Ubuntu Buya Kukhangeka. Ukubeka esweni kwi-Psychology . http://www.apa.org/monitor/mar04/awry.aspx.
> Rohrer, JM, Egloff, B., & Schmukle, SC "Ukuhlolisisa Iimiphumo zoMyalelo wokuzalwa ngoBuntu." I-PNAS, 112 (46), 14224-14229, i-doi: 10.1073 / pnas.1506451112; 2015.