Omnye Uphela nje Ixesha elidlulileyo
Ngandlela-thile, lo ngumbuzo onobuqili. Ukukhathazeka kweengxaki (i-ADD) kunye neengxaki zokungaxakeki kokugula (ADHD), ngokuthe ngqo, kwimeko efanayo. Ukususela ngo-1980 ukuya ngowe-1987, i-ADD yayiyigama eliqhelekileyo lisetyenzisiweyo, kodwa ngoku uMbutho we-Psychiatric Association wase-American usebenzisa i-ADHD.
Iintlobo ze-ADHD
Ngo-2013, iNcwadana yokuHlola kunye neSatistimental of Disabilities Disorders, i-Fifth Edition (iDSM-5) yapapashwa kwaye yikhokelo esekelwe ukuba oogqirha kunye nabakliniki basebenzise ukuvavanya nokuxilonga i-ADHD .
I-DSM-5 ichaza iintetho ezintathu ezahlukileyo ze-ADHD. Ukusetyenziswa kwegama elithi "intetho" kubalulekile, njengoko kubonakalisa ukuba i-ADHD ayilungiswanga okanye iqhubekile, kwaye ukuba iimpawu ze-ADHD zihluke kumntu kumntu.
Igama elithi "intetho" liqwalasela ukuba iimpawu ziyahluka kumntu omnye kuye kuxhomekeke kwimeko, njengendawo entsha, okanye xa kubandakanywa umsebenzi othakazelisayo. Ukongezelela, njengoko ingqondo ikhula kwaye ikhula, iimpawu zitshintsha ukuba zingabonakali kangako kwaye zingaphezulu. Oku kuthetha ukuba iimpawu zinokutshintsha kwindlela yokuphila komntu.
Ezi zezi ntetho ezintathu ze-ADHD, ngokwe-DSM-5:
I-ADHD, intetho engapheliyo
Iimpawu zalo myalezo, owawubizwa ngokuba yi-ADD, ngokukodwa zihambelana nokungafanelanga. Akukho ziphumo ezinzulu zokuziphatha okanye ukuziphatha okungachukumisi. Abantu abanalo mboniso bangenenkathazo yokunikela ingqalelo, ukugqiba imisebenzi, okanye izikhokelo ezilandelayo.
Basenokuphazamiseka lula, babonakale bekhohliwe, bengakhathali kwaye bangaboni kakuhle, kwaye bahlala belahlekelwa izinto. Ngokungafani nabahlobo babo abangasondelanga, banokubonakala bengenangqondo kwaye bephuza ukuphendula nokucwangcisa ulwazi. Bangakwazi ukuvela emini, bendawo, okanye baziphathe njengokuba basemgodini. Basenokubonakala benamahloni okanye bahoxiswe.
Bahlala benenkathazo yokuhlenga ulwazi kunye nokugqiba oko kubalulekile kwaye kungabikho nto. Izimpawu zabo azibonakali kwaye ziphazamisekisa xa kuthelekiswa nomntu oneempawu ezinobungozi. Oku kuthetha ukuba i-ADHD inokuthi ifumaneke kamva ebomini. Ngenxa yoko, aba bantu banokulukhuphaza ngesikolo kwaye babhalwe ngevila okanye benkani. Le ntetho ixhaphake kakhulu kumantombazana nakwabasetyhini , kodwa abafana kunye namadoda banakho.
I-ADHD, inkulu-ntetho engachukumanga
Iimpawu zalo myalezo zixhomekeke ekuhlambulukeleni kunye nokungafuneki. Abantu abanalo mboniso banokubonakala bengenakuphumula, befidgety, bangasebenzi, kwaye bangachukumisi. Ngokomzekelo, "bangenza ngaphambi kokuba bacinge" okanye "bathethe ngaphambi kokuba bacinge" ngokukhankanya nokuphazamisa abanye. Bangadlala baze badibanise ngokukhawuleza, bakuthole kunzima ukuhlala bemi, okanye bahlale behleli. Basenokuthetha ngokugqithiseleyo kwaye banenkxalabo yokulinda ithuba labo.
Abantwana abanalo mboniso we-ADHD banokubonakala behlala "behamba," behamba rhoqo, behamba, bekhwela, njalonjalo. Xa bekhulile, banokuzonwabisa ngokuzilolonga okanye kwimidlalo eyingozi. Ukongezelela, umntu onomdla ongathandabuzekiyo-onokunyanzeliswa ukubonakalisa isidingo sokukhawuleza ngemisebenzi ukuze ayenze ngokukhawuleza.
Oku kuvame ukuphumela kwimpazamo kwimisebenzi efana nomsebenzi wesikolo, iimviwo, kunye neerhafu.
I-ADHD, inxaxheba ngokubanzi.
Njengoko igama lisikisela, abantu abanalo mboniso babonisa iimpawu ezingenakwenzeka kwaye ezingabonakaliyo.
> Umthombo:
> I-American Psychiatric Association. I-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Disabilities (5th ed.). 2013.