Indlela yokuyiqonda kwaye uyiphephe
I-Groupthink yikota yokuqala esetyenziswe ngowe-1972 ngu- psychologist senhlalakahle u- Irving L. Janis obhekisela kwimeko yengqondo apho abantu balwela ukuvumelana phakathi kweqela. Kwiimeko ezininzi, abantu baya kubeka bucala zabo iinkolelo okanye bavume umbono weli qela.
Abantu abachasene nezigqibo okanye uluvo olungaphezulu kweqela lonke bahlala bezolile, bakhetha ukugcina uxolo kunokuba baphazamise ukulingana kwesihlwele.
Ukuyiqonda
Kutheni i-groupthink yenzeka? Cinga ngethuba lokugqibela uyingxenye yeqela, mhlawumbi ngexesha leprojekthi yesikolo. Khawucinge ukuba umntu uphakamisa ingcamango ocinga ukuba ayibi kakuhle. Nangona kunjalo, bonke abantu abakwiqela bavumelana nomntu ocebisa ukuba imbono kunye neqela libonakala lihleli ekuqhubekeni kweso sihlandlo. Ngaba uvakalisa ukuphikiswa kwakho okanye ngaba uhamba kunye neembono ezininzi?
Kwiimeko ezininzi, abantu baphelisa ukubandakanya iqela xa besaba ukuba izichaso zabo zingaphazamisa ukuhambelana kweqela okanye zikhankanya ukuba iingcamango zabo zingabangela ukuba amanye amalungu awanqabe.
I-Janis icetyise ukuba i-groupthink ivame ukuba yinto exhaphake kakhulu kwiimeko apho kukho izinga eliphezulu lokubambisana, izinto ezinokubangela ukuba zichase kwiqela (ezifana nezisongelo zangaphandle, iingxaki zokuziphatha, izigqibo ezinzima), kunye nemiba engundoqo ubunkokeli kunye nokuhlukaniswa kweqela).
Iimpawu
UJanis wafumanisa "iimpawu" ezi-8 ezibonisa i-groupthink:
- Iilusions of inculnerability amalungu eqela elo qela ukuba abe nethemba elingakumbi kwaye athathe inxaxheba ekujongeni umngcipheko.
- Iinkolelo ezingenakuphikiswa zikhokelela amalungu ukuba angayinaki imingeni yokuziphatha kwaye ayinaki imiphumo yemigqaliselo yodwa kunye neqela.
- Ukulungiswa kwemilinganiselo kuthintela amalungu ukuba acinge ngokukholelwa kwiintembelelo zawo aze abangele ukuba bawutyeshele iimpawu zokulumkisa.
- Ukutshatyalaliswa kwekhokelo kubangela amalungu eqela ukuba angayinaki okanye adibanise amalungu angamaqela angayichasa okanye aphikise iingcamango zeqela.
- Ukuzimela ngokubangela ukuba abantu abanokungabaza ukufihla ukwesaba kwabo okanye ukungaxolisi.
- "Mindguards" zenza njengabacwangcisi abazimeleyo ukufihla ulwazi oluyingxaki kwiqela.
- Iilusions of unanimity amalungu ekhokelayo akholelwa ukuba wonke umntu uyavumelana kwaye uvakalelwa ngendlela efanayo.
- Uxinzelelo oluzenzekelayo ukuba uhambelane luvame ukufakwa kumalungu athetha imibuzo, kwaye abo babuza leqela bavame ukubonakala bengathembekanga okanye bengabathengi.
Iinzuzo kunye neengozi
I-Groupthink ingaba neenzuzo ezithile. Xa sisebenzisana nenani elikhulu labantu, livame ukuvumela iqela ukwenza izigqibo, ukugqiba imisebenzi, nokugqiba iiprojekthi ngokukhawuleza nangokufanelekileyo.
Nangona kunjalo, le nkcazo ineendleko ngokunjalo. Ukunyanzelwa kweengcamango zomntu kunye nokucinga okucwangcisayo kungakhokelela ekubeni kuthathwe izigqibo ezingalunganga kunye nokuxazulula ingxaki .
Izizathu
Uninzi lwezinto ezinokuchaphazela le ngxaki yengqondo. Kuthambeke ukuba kwenzeke ngakumbi kwiimeko apho amalungu eqela afana kakhulu kunye kwaye kunokwenzeka ukuba kwenzeke xa inkokeli enamandla kunye neyobukhoma iyala iqela.
Imeko apho iqela libekwe phantsi kwengcinezelo engqongqo okanye apho kukho iziganeko zokuziphatha eziye zandisa ukwenzeka kweqela.
Thintelo
Kukho amanyathelo amaqela anokuthatha ukuthatha ukunciphisa le ngxaki. Okokuqala, iinkokeli zinokunika amalungu eqela ithuba lokuvakalisa iingcamango zabo okanye ukuchasana neengcamango ezicetywayo. Ukuphula amalungu ekubeni ngamaqela azincinci angabanceda. Iingcamango ezingakumbi ezinokukunceda:
- Ekuqaleni, inkokheli yeqela kufuneka iphephe ukuchaza izimvo zabo okanye iinketho xa bekwa imisebenzi. Nika abantu ixesha lokuza neengcamango zabo kuqala.
- Banike ubuncinane omnye umntu ukuba athathe inxaxheba "kummeli womtyholi."
- Xoxa ngeengcamango zeqela kunye nelungu elingaphandle ukuze uthole imibono yokungakhethi.
- Khuthaza amalungu eqela ukuba ahlale engundoqo. Musa ukuphazamisa ukuphikiswa okanye iingxaki kumbono okhoyo.
- Iinkokheli kufuneka zingabikho kwiintlanganiso ezininzi zeqela ukwenzela ukuba ugweme ngokugqithiseleyo izigqibo.
Imiba
- "Xa zikhoyo, ezi ziimeko ezichaseneyo zixhomekeke ekukhuliseni i-groupthink yokufuna ukuvumelanisa ngokugqithiseleyo. Oku kulandelwa ukuba kukhokelela kwiindidi ezimbini zeenkqubo ezingathandekiyo zokwenza izigqibo. ukuxhatshazwa, ukulinganisa, ukunyanzeliswa, ukugcinwa kwamanye amazwe, ukugcinwa kwamanye amazwe, ukugcinwa kwamagada, kunye nokukholelwa kwimilinganiselo yokuziphatha kweqela. Okwesibini, ebonakaliswe njengempawu zokuthatha isigqibo esiphutha, kubandakanya uphando olungaphelelanga lwezinye iindlela kunye neenjongo, ukukhangela ulwazi, ukungaphumeleli ukubeka ingozi yesisombululo esikhethiweyo, kunye nokuchongwa kweenkcukacha ezikhethiweyo . Akumangalisi ukuba ezi zinto zidibeneyo ziza kubangelwa ukusebenza kwezenzo ezingenasiphelo kwiqela. "
(UMarlene E. Turner no-Anthony R. Pratkanis, i-Twenty-Five Years of Groupthink Theory kunye noPhando: Izifundo ezivela kuVavanyo lweNkquthela, 1998, Ukuziphatha koMbutho kunye neNkqubo yoBuntu , 73, 105-115.) - Inkolelo ethembekileyo yelungu ekuziphatheni komgangatho weqela labo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo kwezinto ezingabonakaliyo ezichasene nezichasene nazo zibenza bakwazi ukunciphisa izigqibo ezingqubuzana phakathi kweemilinganiselo zokuziphatha kunye nokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo, ngakumbi xa bathambekele ekujongeni ubudlova. iqela elilumkileyo nelungileyo libenza basebenzise ukuhambelana kweqela njengemigangatho ephambili yokugweba ukuziphatha kunye nokusebenza kwanoma yimuphi umgaqo oxutyushwayo. 'Njengoko iinjongo zeqela lethu zilungile,' amalungu aziva, 'nayiphi na indlela esinokugqiba ngayo ukusetyenziswa kufuneka kulungile. Ukucinga oku kwabelwana kukunceda amalungu aphephe ukuziva ihlazo okanye isohlwayo malunga nezigqibo ezingaphula umgaqo wabo wokuziphatha ngokuziphatha. Ukunyaniseka kweentshaba kukuphucula umgangatho wokuziphatha okulungileyo kunye nokuzikhukhumeza kwabo kwimisebenzi ephakamileyo yeqela. "U
(Irving L. Janis, 1972, amaxhoba aQelayo )
Imibuzo ehambelanayo
- "Isizwe sisoloko sicinga ukuba umbonisi uye wajika kubo. Xa, ngokwenene, umbonisi uguqule ubuso bakhe kwixesha elizayo."
(Ray Davis) - "Kuba kuyingozi ukuzifakela kwisihlwele esingaphambili, kwaye ngokude xa ngamnye wethu ekulungele ukuthembela omnye kunokuba azigwebe yena ngokwakhe, asize sibonise nawuphi na umgwebo kwimicimbi yokuphila, kodwa sihlala sisimfama ukuthembela kunye nempazamo eye yadluliselwa ukusuka kwesandla ukuya kwesandla ekugqibeleni iquka kuthi kwaye isebenze intshabalalo yethu. "
(Seneca) - "Into ebalulekileyo malunga neqela leenkcazo kukuba asebenzi kangangoko ngokugxeka ukungavumi njengoko ukwenza ukuphikiswa kubonakala kungenakwenzeka."
(James Surowiecki) - "I-Groupthink ibe yimali - kwaye, ngokuqinisekileyo, ilayini enye - ingcaciso yokusebenza iyalungelelaniswa. Asinakuthetha ngokuhambelana nokuzimela nje kuphela - oko kukuthi, emva koko konke, ukuphela kwexesha labantu. ukuthobela - ifilosofi evulekileyo, ichaza ukuba ixabiso leqela alinelanga kuphela kodwa lilungile kwaye lilungile. "
(William H. Whyte Jr.)
> Umthombo:
> Janis IL. Amaxhoba eQelathink: Isifundo seSikweni seMigaqo-nkqubo yeZangaphandle kunye neFiascoes. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 1972