Iyintoni Isiseko Sezinto Eziphilayo?
Kusenokwenzeka ukuba uye wakuva ukuba ukudakumba kubangelwa yi-chemistry engavamile engqondweni kunye nokuba izidalwa ezixinzelelekileyo zisebenza ngokuguqula amanqanaba ezi zinto (i-neurotransmitters), kodwa oko kuthetha ukuthini? Iyintoni ikhemistry emva kokudandatheka?
I-Neurotransmitters - I-Chemical Messengers yeBrain
Mhlawumbi uye wakuva igama elithi "neurotransmitter" ngaphambili, kodwa yintoni le milekyuli kwaye isebenza njani?
I-neurotransmitters yizithunywa zeekhemikhali kwingqondo eyindlela apho iisensi zeentsimbi zixubana ngayo .
Umzekeliso weeurotransmitters in Action
I-adage endala enokuthi imifanekiso ifaneleke ngamawaka ayizange ibe yinyani ngakumbi kunokuba ithetha malunga nendlela amangqamuzana enesibindi kwingqondo yethu axhulumana ngayo.
Umzekeliso ongasentla uchaza ukuhlangana phakathi kweeseli ezimbini zesisindo. Iipakethi zee-molecule ze-neurotransmitter zikhishwa ekupheleni kweseli ye-presynaptic (i-axon) kwisithuba esiphakathi kweeseli zombini zentsholongwane (i-synapse). Ezi molekyuli zingathathwa zifunyenwe yi-receptors (ezifana ne-serotonin receptors) ye-cell nerve cell (i-dendrite) kwaye ngoko idlulise umyalezo wabo weekhemikhali. Iimolyuli ezingaphezulu zibuyiselwa phezulu kwiseli ye-presynaptic kwaye ibuyiswe.
Imigaqo yeeurotransmitters and Mood Regulation
Kukho ezintathu ze-neurotransmitters, ezaziwa ngamakhemikhali njengeemonoamines, ezicingelwa ukuba zidlala indima kwimimiselo yemoya:
- I-Serotonin - I-Serotonin iye yaqulunqwa "ivakale" i-neurotransmitter.
- Norepinephrin
- Dopamine
Ezi zimbalwa nje zeeurotransmitters ezisebenza njengabathunywa kwingqondo. Ezinye ziquka i-glutamate, i-GABA, ne- acetylcholine .
Imbali yeChemistry of Depression - iNorepinephrine
Ngama-1960 uJoseph J.
ISchildkraut yeHyunivesithi yaseHarvard yavota nge-norepinephrine njengento ebangela ukuba udandatheke kwi-"catecholamine" yangoku ye-classical disorders . Wacetyisa ukuba ukudakumba kubangelwa kukuntuleka kwe-norepinephrin kwezinye iipokiti zezobuchopho kwaye ukuba i- mania ibangelwa kukugqithisa kwesi sakhiwo. Kukho ngokwenene ubungqina obuninzi obuxhasa le ngcamango, nangona kunjalo, utshintsho kumanqanaba e-norepinephrine aluchaphazeli isimo sengqondo kuwo wonke umntu. Kwaziwa ukuba amanye amayeza ajolise ngqo kwi-norepinephrin ayesebenza ekunciphiseni ukudandatheka kwabanye abantu, kodwa kungekhona kwabanye.
Imbali yeChemistry of Depress - Yongeza kwiSerotonin
Kucacile, kufuneka kubekho enye into edibeneyo ne-norepinephrin ukudala ukudakumba. I-Serotonin ifumaneke yinto enye. Le molekyuli ithathe isigaba esiphambili kwiminyaka emibini edlulileyo ibulela ku-Prozac (i-fluoxetine) kunye nezinye i-serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI's) ezikhethiweyo, ezikhetha ngokukhetha kule molekyuli. Uphando olunzulu kumsebenzi we-serotonin kwimiba yokukhathazeka kwemizwa, nangona kunjalo, iqhubeka iminyaka engama-30, ukususela ngo-Arthur J. Prange, Jr., weYunivesithi yaseNorth Carolina e-Chapel Hill, uAlec Coppen weBhunga loPhando lwezoPhando eNgilani kunye abo basebenzisana nabo bafaka phambili oko kuthiwa "i-hypothesis evumelekileyo." Lo mbono wawukholelwa ukuba ukuchithwa kwe-synaptic ye-serotonin kwakungenye imbangela yokudakumba, enye eyasebenza ngokukhuthaza, okanye "ukuvumela," ukuwa kumazinga angama-norepinephrine.
Ngoko ke, nangona, i-norepinephrine isadlala indima enkulu ekudakaleni, amazinga e-serotonin angasetyenziswa ngokungahambisani norepinephrin.
Izidakamizwa ezitsha zithiwa yi- serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (i-SNRI) njenge-Effexor (venlafaxine) zijoliswe kuzo zombini i-serotonin kunye ne-norepinephrin. Kodwa i-Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) ichaphazela zombini i-norepinephrin kunye ne-serotonin, nangona kunjalo, inefuthe elongezelelweyo lokuchaphazela i-histamine kunye ne-acetylcholine, evelisa imiphumo emibi ebizwa ngokuba yi-TCAs, njengomlomo owomileyo okanye amehlo, ukunambitheka okuqhelekileyo emlonyeni, ububele ukukhanya kwamehlo, umbono oqhaqhaqhaqhaqhayo, ukuzithemba, ukuxhalala kwamanzi, kunye nabanye.
I-SSRI ayichaphazeli i-histamine kunye ne-acetylcholine kwaye ke ayinayo imiphumo efanayo yecala njengamachiza adala.
I-Chemistry of Depression - Yongeza kwiDopamine
Into yesithathu engadlala indima kwimiba ye-dopamine. I-Dopamine inxulumene nomvuzo, okanye ukuqiniswa, esiyifumanayo ebangela ukuba siqhubeke nokuthatha inxaxheba kumsebenzi. Kuye kwaxutyushwa kwiimeko ezinjengezifo ze-Parkinson kunye ne- schizophrenia . Kukho ubungqina bokuba, ubuncinane kwi-subset yezigulane, i-dopamine idlala indima ekudakaleni. Amachiza asebenza njenge-dopamine okanye avuselele ukukhululwa kwe-dopamine kwingqondo sele esebenzele abanye abantu abanexinzelelo xa ezinye iindlela zingaphumeleli. Ezinye izifundo ziye zaphanda ama-dopaminergic agents njengendlela yokukhawuleza yokunciphisa uxinzelelo (ngokuchaseneyo nemichiza engathatha iiveki ezintandathu ukubonisa ukuzaliswa kwazo ngokupheleleyo).
Nangona iimbosa ezisebenzayo ngokukhethekileyo kwi-dopamine zinenzuzo yokusebenza ngokukhawuleza, ziye zabonisa ezinye iipropati eziye zazisusa ukuba zisetyenziswe ngokubanzi njengenye i-anti-depressants. I-Dopamine yintsholongwane ehambelana nomlutha kunye nemveliso yayo ikhuthazwa ngamachiza afana ne-cocaine, i-opiates, kunye notywala (oko kunokuthi uchaze ukuba kutheni abantu abadandathekileyo bekhetha ukuzisebenzisa ngamachiza kunye notywala .) Izidakamizwa ezijoliswe ngqo kwi-dopamine, umzekelo, Uphando (i-amineptine (Uphando), unika ithuba lokusetyenziswa kakubi.
Iinkqubo ezinokuthi zingaphantsi kweBrains Brain Neurotransmitter Levels
Ngoku oku kubonakala kumanqanaba ahlayo ama-neurotransmitter norepinephrin, i-serotonin, kunye ne-dopamine banegalelo ekudakaleni, yintoni eyenza la manqanaba anciphisa kwindawo yokuqala? Ngamanye amagama, yintoni eyenza amazinga aphantsi e-serotonin, i-norepinephrine, okanye i-dopamine, ekhe ngezinye iimeko ekubangela ukuba iziganeko zokudakumba zikhe zenzeke? Izinto ezininzi zingase zihambe ngokungahambi kakuhle nale nkqubo kwaye zikhokelela ekulahlekeni kwe-neurotransmitter. Ezinye zezi zinto ziquka:
- Akunelanga okwenzela i-neurotransmitter (umzekelo, i-serotonin) iveliswa
- Azikho iindawo zokufumana i-receptor ezaneleyo zokufumana i-neurotransmitter
- I-neurotransmitter ithathwa ngokukhawuleza ngokukhawuleza (kwi-presynaptic) ngaphambi kokuba ifike kwiindawo zokufumana i-receptor
- Amaprosesa amachiza amachiza (iamoleksi apho i-neurotransmitters eyakhiwa khona) inokuthi ifumaneke
- Iimleksile eziququzelela ukuveliswa kweeurotransmitters, ezifana ne-enzyme ezithile, zingaphantsi
Njengoko unokubona, ukuba kukho ukuphazamiseka naphi na endleleni, ukubonelela nge-neurotransmitter ayinako ukulungiselela iimfuno zakho. Ukubonelela ngokwaneleyo kunokukhokelela kwiimpawu esiziwayo njengexinzelelo.
Ukunyanga Ukunyanzeliswa Kwimiba Yezinto Eziphilayo
Ukuqonda i-chemistry yokudakumba kunokunceda abantu baqonde ngakumbi unyango olukhoyo lwexinzelelo . Ukuba ukungalingani kwe-biochemical kubangelwa yimpawu zokudandatheka kukucaca ukuba kutheni ukuba zonke iingqondo zengqondo zehlabathi zingenakukwazi ukulungisa ingxaki, njengokuba ingqondo ye-psychotherapy yedwa ayikwazi ukuphakamisa amanqanaba e-insulin kumntu onesifo sikashukela.
Into ephosakeleyo kaninzi, nangona kunjalo, kwiindawo zethu zokuthatha izilwanyana-kunye nokuphucula umgangatho, ukuba ingqondo ye-psychotherapy ifumanekile kunceda abanye abantu abanexinzelelo. Into engathethiweyo ngokuphindaphindiweyo kukuba asiyiqondi kakuhle indlela amacandelo e-neurotransmitter athile ngayo engqondweni ephantsi. Kungenokuba kuhle ukuba ezinye zeenkqubo ezi ngasentla ziziswa ngeemeko ebomini bethu ezinokukuncedwa ngonyango. Ngokomzekelo, unyango lokunciphisa uxinzelelo kunye nokulawulwa koxinzelelo lwe-stress lungabangela impembelelo kwimichiza ephambi kweemichiza ekhoyo kwingqondo apho kuveliswa khona i-neurotransmitters. Ngaloo ndlela, iziyobisi zinganciphisa iimpawu zokudakumba ezibangelwa ukunciphisa, zithi, i-serotonin, kodwa ungenzi nto inokuthintela ukungakwazi kwe-neurotransmitter ukuphindaphinda kwixesha elizayo.
Kwakhona kungokuba sinayo umfanekiso opheleleyo xa kuziwa kuma-neurotransmitters kwingqondo. Abaphandi bafunda ezinye iindlela zeengqungquthela engqondweni, ngokomzekelo, i-glutaminergic, i-cholinergic, kunye ne-opioid iinkqubo zokubona ukuba yiyiphi indima abayidlala ngayo ekudakaleni. Ukongezelela, kunokuba kunqongophala olulula kunoma iyiphi yale michiza yengqondo, ezinye iimpawu zokudandatheka kunokuthi zixhomekeke kumanqanaba athile ahlukeneyo kwiindawo ezihlukeneyo zobuchopho.
Ukudandatheka - Okungaphezulu Kwenguqu Elula kwi-Chemistry Brain
Kunokuba ibe ngumlinganiso olula wento engaziwayo eyenza amanqanaba aphantsi omnye okanye ngaphezulu kwee-neurotransmitters, kwaye ezi nqanaba ezisezantsi zidala iimpawu zokudandatheka, isiseko esiyiyo soxinzelelo sinzima kakhulu kunoko. Ukuba uye wahlala nexinzelelo, asifuni ngokwenene ukukuxelela oku. Uyabona ukuba ukuphulukiswa kwengcinezelo, ngokungafani nokunikela i-insulin yetshelwa kumntu onesifo sikashukela, kunzima kakhulu kwaye kunzima.
Ukongeza kwendima yama-neurotransmitters, siyazi ukuba kukho izinto ezininzi ezibandakanyekayo ekubangela ukudandatheka okuvela kwimicimbi yezofuzo ukuya kumava ebuntwaneni ukuya kumhla lwethu ubudlelwane bomhla nabanye abantu.
Ngaphantsi kweKhemistry yoxinzelelo
Kucacile ukuba i-neurotransmitters idlala indima ekudakaleni, kodwa kuncinci kakhulu kwaziwa malunga nendlela ezi tshintsho ngayo. Kwakhona kucacile ukuba utshintsho lwezinto eziphilayo kuphela alukwazi ukuchaza konke esikubonayo malunga nokudakumba, kwaye ezinye izinto zisebenza kwakhona.
Kuze sisazi ngakumbi, ukuqonda into encinci esazi ngayo ngokuchithwa kwengcinezelo kunokunceda abo basebenzisa imishanguzo yokudakumba. Inokukunceda uqonde ukuba kutheni elinye iyeza lisebenza kwaye omnye akenzi, kwaye kutheni ngamanye amaxesha kufuna iilingo zamachiza amaninzi de kubekho izidakamizwa ezifanelekileyo. Kungabancedisa abo banikezwa iingcebiso ezilimazayo , njengengxelo engacatshanganga ukuba "nje ukukhawuleza." Akulula ukuba umntu akhohlwe ukuba ecinezelekile kunokuba umntu onesifo sikashukela abuyisele amanqanaba e-insulin ngokungacingi nje.
Ukukwazi oko sikukwaziyo kunye nokunciphisa ulwazi lwethu kunokunceda abantu baqonde ukuba kutheni kungekho nonyango esebenza kuyo wonke umntu onenkxwaleko, kwaye kutheni iindlela eziphumelele kakhulu ekuphatheni ukudakumba ziquka ukudibanisa kwezilwanyana.
Imithombo:
UKasper, uDennis L., u-Anthony S. Fauci, uStephen L. Hauser, uDan L. Longo, uJarry Jameson noJoseph Loscalzo. Iinqununu zeHarrison zeMithi yoPhakathi. ENew York: iMacGraw Hill Education, 2015. Print.
Papakostas, G., no-D. Ionescu. Ukuya kwiindlela ezintsha: Ukuhlaziywa kwi-Therapeutics kwi-Treatment-Resistant Major Depression Disorder. I-Molecular Psychiatry . 2015. 20 (10): 1142-50.