Ziziphi ii-Neurotransmitters?
Kukholelwa ukuba ingqondo iqulethe iindidi eziliqela ezihlukeneyo zezithunywa zamakhemikhali (i-neurotransmitters) ezisebenza njengama-intsebenziswano oonxibelelwano phakathi kweeseli ezahlukeneyo zobuchopho. Ezi zithunywa zeekhemikhali zizinto ezinomzimba ezinokuchaphazela ukukhathazeka, ukutya, ukuxhalaba, ukulala, intliziyo yeqondo, ubushushu, ubundlobongela, ukwesaba kunye nezinye izinto ezenzeka kwingqondo nangokwenyama.
Iingcali zenzululwazi zifumene iindidi ezintathu ezinkulu ze-neurotransmitters engqondweni yengqondo:
1. I- biogenic amine neurotransmitters ifundwe ixesha elide kwaye mhlawumbi liqondwa kakuhle ngokuphathelele ubudlelwane babo nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Amathandathu e-biogenic amine neurotransmitters aphezulu:
- I-Serotonin ngumthunywa weekhemikhali enendima ekwenzeni ukuxhalabisa, ukukhathazeka, ukulala, ukutya, kunye nesondo. I-Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (i-SSRIs) ngokuqhelekileyo ibonwa njengemithi yokuqala yomgca ukuphatha ingxaki yesifo .
- I-Norepinephrine , echaphazela ukulala nokuqapha, ikholelwa ukuba iyahambelana nokulwa okanye ukuphendula uxinzelelo lwendiza .
- U-Epinephrine udlalwa ngokuba yi-hormone yoxinzelelo elawulwa yi-adrenal system, kodwa iphinde ibe yintsholongwane engqondweni.
- I-Dopamine inentshukumo yokunyakaza komzimba kwaye ikholelwa ukuba ibandakanyeka ekukhuthazeni, umvuzo, ukuqiniswa kunye nokuziphatha kakubi . Iingcamango ezininzi zeengqondo zibonisa ukuba i-dopamine idlala indima kwimpawu zengqondo .
- Iimbali zicingelwa ukuba zichaphazela ukuvusa, ukunakwa, nokufunda. Kukhutshwa kwakhona ngokuphendula kwindlela yokuphendula. Ama-Antihistamines, aqhelekileyo asetyenziselwa ukunyanga i-allergies, zineempembelelo eziqhelekileyo zesalation, inzuzo yesisindo , kunye noxinzelelo lwegazi oluphantsi.
- I-Acetylcholine ikholelwa ukuba inxulumene nokusebenza kwemisipha, ukufunda kunye nememori. Uhlobo lwe-Alzheimer's dementia ludibene nomsebenzi we-acetylcholine .
2. I- Peptide neurotransmitters zikholelwa ukuba zidibaniswa nokuxolelana kweengxaki, ukuvuselela ukutya, ukulawulwa kwemizwa kunye neminye imisebenzi emininzi. Ukungaqhelekanga kwiiproptide neurotransmitters kuye kwadibaniswa nophuhliso lwe- schizophrenia , ukuphazamiseka kwesidlo, isifo sikaHuntington nesifo se-Alzheimer.
- I-Cholecystokinin (CCK) , ukufumanisa ngokutsha, yi-peptide eye yafumana ingqwalasela eninzi kwiminyaka elishumi edlulileyo. Kukholelwa ukuba i-CCK ikhulisa ukuphucula i-GABA xa iyanciphisa i-dopamine. Izifundo ziye zaxhamla iCCK ngokuxhalabisa nokuphazamiseka kwabantu abantu abaneengxaki zokuphazamiseka.
3. I- amino acid neurotransmitters ijongwa ngabanye iingcali njengabadlali abaphambili kwinkqubo yokuphucula i-neurotransmission. Kukho ezimbini ezibalulekileyo ze-amino acid neurotransmitters:
- I-Gamma-aminobutyric acid (i-GABA) iyinqobo ye-neurotransmitter ekhuselayo eyenza inkqubo yempendulo engalunganga ukuvimba ukuhanjiswa kwesiginci ukusuka kwelinye iseli ukuya kwesinye. Kubalulekile ukulungelelanisa ukuxolisa kwingqondo. I-Benzodiazepines ( izidakamizwa ezixhatshazelisayo ) zisebenza kwi- GABA receptors yengqondo, ekunciphiseni isimo sokuphumula.
- I-Glutamate yi- neurotransmitter ye- excitatory kwaye ingumthunywa omkhulu weekhemikhali kwingqondo. Kukholelwa ukuba kubandakanyeka ekufundeni nasekukhunjweni. Izifo ezithile (ezifana nesifo se-Alzheimer) okanye ukulimala kwengqondo (njengesiqhwala) kunokubangela ukuba i-glutamate kakhulu iqokelele. Oku kunokubeka isiteji se-excitotoxicity, inkqubo engakhokelela ekulimaleni okanye ekufeni kweeseli zengqondo ezichaphazelekayo.
Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba i-GABA kunye ne-glutamate zicwangciswe ngokucophelela ukuze zilandelane. Ukungasebenzi kweminye ye-amino acid i-neurotransmitter ichaphazela umsebenzi wesinye. Ezinye iingcali zikholelwa ukuba ukulinganisela kwazo kunye nokukhuseleka okuthintela kuzo zonke iiseli zengqondo .
Ama-Neurotransmitters yiqela labadlali
Zonke izithunywa zeekhemikhali kwingqondo zinokudibanisa okukhulu. Umsebenzi wabo uthembele kwinkqubo yokuhlola kunye nezilinganiso ngexesha lomzuzu ngamnye wobomi. Ukuba enye inxalenye yenkqubo ihluleka, abanye abakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wabo ngokufanelekileyo. Ukuphazamiseka kwamanxeba kungomnye wezifo ezininzi ezingokwenyama nezingokwenyama ezikholelwa ukuba zichaphazelwa ukudibanisa kweengxaki ze-neurotransmitters.
Imithombo:
Beinfeld, Margery C. "Cholecystokinin." I- Psychopharmacology-4th Generation of Progress. 2000.
I-Kaplan MD, uHarold I. kunye no-Sadock MD, uBenjamin J. I- Synopsis ye-Psychiatry, i-Eighth Edition . Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. 1998.
UPawulos, uSteven M. "IGABA noGlycine." I-Psychopharmacology-Isizukulwana sesi-4 seNtuthuko. 2000.