Ulwimi lweelwimi lubhekisela kwimpawu ezingabonakaliyo esizisebenzisayo ukunxibelelana. Ngokweengcali, ezi zibonakaliso ezingenanto zidala inxalenye enkulu yokunxibelelana kwansuku zonke. Ekubeni ubuso bethu bubonakala emzimbeni wethu, izinto esizithethiyo zingakwazi ukuhambisa ulwazi oluninzi.
Kuye kucetyiswa ukuba ulwimi lomzimba lungabangela i-akhawunti phakathi kwama-50 ekhulwini ukuya kwi-70 ekhulwini yonxibelelwano. Ukuqonda ulwimi lomzimba kubalulekile, kodwa kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ezinye iinjongo ezifana nomxholo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, kufuneka ukhangele iimpawu njengeqela kunokugxila kwisenzo esinye.
Nantsi into ekumele uyibuke xa uzama ukutolika ulwimi lomzimba.
Ukwaziswa kobuso
Cinga ngomzuzwana malunga nokuba unomntu onokukwazi ukuzityhila njani ngokubonisa ubuso. Ukumomotheka kunokubonisa ukuvunywa okanye ulonwabo. Ukuqhwaba kunokubonisa ukungafuni okanye ukungonwabi. Kwezinye iimeko, ubuso bethu bubonakalisa iimvakalelo zethu ngokwenene malunga nemeko ethile. Ngelixa utsho ukuba uziva kakuhle, ukubukeka ubuso bakho kunokuxelela abantu ngenye indlela.
Imimiselo embalwa yeemvakalelo ezingabonakaliswa ngegama lobuso ziquka:
- U lonwabo
- Buhlungu
- Intukuthelo
- Yimangalisa
- Ukunyaniseka
- Uloyiko
- Ukudideka
- Injabulo
- Nqwenela
- Ukuhlaselwa
Ibinzana ebusweni bomntu linokukunceda ukuba siqonde ukuba siyathemba okanye siyakholelwa oko umntu akutshoyo. Olunye uphando lufumanise ukuba ukubonakalisa ubuso obuthembekileyo kubandakanya ukuphakanyiswa kwamancinci amancinci kunye nokumomotheka. Le binzana, abaphandi bacebisa ukuba, bathumele ububele kunye nokuzithemba.
Imbonakalo yobuso iphakathi kweendlela ezininzi zeelwimi zomhlaba. Amazwi asetyenziselwa ukubonisa ukwesaba, umsindo, ukudakumba kunye nolonwabo kufana nehlabathi lonke. Umphandi uPaul Ekman ufumene inkxaso ngenkqubela yezinto ezibonakalayo ezinxulumene neemvakalelo ezithile kuquka ukuvuya, umsindo, ukwesaba, ukumangaliswa nokudakumba.
Uphando luze lubonise ukuba senza izigwebo malunga nolwazi lweengqondo olusekelwe ebusweni babo nakubonakaliso. Olunye uphando lufumanise ukuba abantu ababenobuso obuncinci kunye neepusi ezivelele bekunokwenzeka ukuba baqondwe njengengqiqo. Abantu abanomsindo, abonwabileyo bavakaliswa njengobulumko ngakumbi kunabo bavakalisi.
Amehlo
Amehlo ahlala ebizwa ngokuthi "iifestile emphefumlweni" kuba abakwazi ukubonisa into eninzi malunga nokuba umntu uvakalelwa okanye ucinga ntoni. Njengoko uxoxisana nomnye umntu, ukuqaphela ukuhamba kwamehlo kuyinxalenye yendalo kunye ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokunxibelelana. Ezinye izinto eziqhelekileyo ongaqaphelayo ziquka ukuba abantu bajonga ukujonga amehlo okanye baphawula ukujonga kwabo, bangakanani ukukhawuleza, okanye ukuba abafundi baxutywa.
Xa uvavanya ulwimi, qwa lasela oku kulandelayo:
- Ukukhangela kwamehlo: Xa umntu ekhangele ngqo ngamehlo xa eqhuba incoko, ibonisa ukuba banomdla kwaye banakekele ingqalelo . Nangona kunjalo, ukunxibelelana kwamehlo okwexesha elide kunokuziva unongxaki. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukunqamana nokuqhagamshelana kwamehlo kwaye rhoqo ukukhangela kude kunokubonisa ukuba umntu uphazamisekile, akanakukhathazeka okanye uzama ukufihla iimvakalelo zakhe zangempela.
- Ukucoca: Ukucoca kungokwemvelo, kodwa kufuneka uqaphele nokuba umntu uyabhaxabisa okanye kuncinci. Abantu badla ngokukhawuleza ngokukhawuleza xa beziva bexinekile okanye bengakhululeki. Ukuphazamiseka okungaqhelekanga kunokubonisa ukuba umntu uzama ngokuzenzekelayo ukulawula ukuhamba kwamehlo akhe. Umzekelo, umdlali we-poker unokuthi angabonakali kangangoko ngenxa yokuba uzama ngenjongo yokubonakala engenakucatshulwa ngesandla ayenziwe ngaso.
- Ubungakanani bomfundi: Ubungakanani bomfundi bungabonakaliso obuqilileyo bokunxibelelana . Nangona amaqondo okukhanya kummandla wokulawula ukuphucula umfundi, ngamanye amaxesha iimvakalelo zinokubangela ukuba utshintsho oluncinci kumgangatho wabafundi. Ngokomzekelo, usenokuba ulivile ibinzana elithi "amehlo okulala" esetyenziswe ukuchaza indlela umntu abukeka ngayo xa ekhanga omnye umntu. Amehlo aphakanyisiwe kakhulu, umzekelo, angabonisa ukuba umntu unomdla okanye wavusa.
Umlomo
Amagama kunye nokunyakaza komlomo kungabalulekile ekufundeni ulwimi lomzimba. Umzekelo, ukuhlafuna emlonyeni ophantsi kungabonisa ukuba umntu uvakalelwa kukuba akhathazeke, ukwesaba, okanye ukungaqiniseki.
Ukumboza umlomo kungenza umgudu wokuba uhloniphekile xa umntu ephosa okanye ekhwehlela, kodwa kungaba yinto yokuzama ukugubungela ukungafuni. Ukumomotheka mhlawumbi omnye wempawu zelwimi zomkhulu kakhulu, kodwa ukumomotheka kunokukwazi ukutolika ngeendlela ezininzi. Ukumomotheka kunokunyaniseka, okanye kunokusetyenziselwa ukubonisa ulonwabo lobuxoki, ukuhlambalaza, okanye ukunyaniseka.
Xa uvavanya ulwimi lomzimba, qwa lasela umyalezo olandelayo kunye nomlomo:
- Imilomo evunyelwe: Ukuqinisa umlomo kungabonakalisa ukuphazamiseka, ukungavumi okanye ukungathembeki.
- Ukubetha komlomo: Abantu ngamanye amaxesha bayaluma umlomo xa bexhalabile, bexhalabile okanye baxinezelekile.
- Ukumboza umlomo: Xa abantu befuna ukufihla impendulo yabo, bangayifaka imilomo yabo ukuze bagweme ukubonisa ukumamatheka okanye abafana.
- Ukuguquka okanye ukuhla: Khanyisa utshintsho emlonyeni lungabonakalisa izibonakaliso ezifihlakeleyo zento umntu aziva ngayo. Xa umlomo uphenduka ngokukhawuleza, kunokuthetha ukuba umntu uyonwabile okanye unethemba. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umlomo ophantsi oguqulwayo unokuba ngumqondiso wokudakumba, ukungavumi, okanye ukuxhamla.
Imizobo
Imisindo ingabanye bezona zibonakaliso zelwimi zomzimba ezichanekileyo kunye ezicacileyo. Ukulukwa, ukukhomba, nokusebenzisa iminwe ukubonisa inani lamanani konke okuqhelekileyo kwaye kulula ukuqonda impawu. Eminye imiqondiso ingaba yenkcubeko , nangona kunjalo, ukwenzela ukuba unike izithupha-mvume okanye uphawu loxolo kwelinye ilizwe lingaba neentsingiselo ezahlukeneyo kunokuba zenzeke e-United States.
Imizekelo elandelayo imbalwa nje yezinto eziqhelekileyo kunye nokuthetha kwazo:
- Intsimbi ekhunileyo ingabonisa umsindo phakathi kwezinye iimeko okanye ubumbano kwabanye.
- Iingqimba kunye nezithupha zivame ukusetyenziswa njengezenzo zokuvunywa kunye nokungavumi.
- Isenzo esifanelekileyo , esenziwe ngokuthintela isithupha kunye nesalathisi somnwe kwisangqa, ngelixa isetyenziswe enye iminwe ingasetyenziselwa ukuthetha "ulungile" okanye "konke okulungileyo." Kwezinye iindawo zaseYurophu, kunjalo, isalathisi esifanayo sisetyenziselwa ukubonisa ukuba awunanto. Kwamanye amazwe aseMerika aseMzantsi Melika, isimboli ngokwenene isenzo esiyingozi.
- Umqondiso , owenziwe ngokuphakamisa isalathisi kunye nomnwe ophakathi kunye nokwahlula ukudala u-V-shape, kuthetha uxolo okanye ukunqoba kwamanye amazwe. E-United Kingdom nase-Australia, isimboli ithatha intsingiselo ekhohlakeleyo xa isandla sibheke ngaphandle.
Iimpahla kunye nemilenze
Iingalo nemilenze zinokuba luncedo ekuhambiseni ulwazi olungenanto. Ukuwela iingalo kunokubonisa ukukhusela. Ukuwela imilenze kude nomnye umntu kunokubonisa ukungathandi okanye ukungahambi kakuhle naloo mntu.
Ezinye izibonakaliso ezifihlakeleyo ezifana nokwandisa iingalo ngokubanzi kungaba ngumzamo wokubonakala ngathi ukhulu okanye ulawule xa ugcina iingalo ezikufutshane nomzimba kunokuzama ukunciphisa okanye ukuhoxisa ingqalelo.
Xa uvavanya ulwimi, qwa lasela ezinye zezibonakaliso ezilandelayo ukuba iingalo nemilenze ibonisa:
- Izibhambano eziphambeneyo zingabonisa ukuba umntu uzizwa ekhuselekile, ekhuselayo, okanye evalwe.
- Ukuma ngezandla ezibekwe kwiinqophiso zingabonakalisa ukuba umntu ulungele kwaye ulawulwa, okanye mhlawumbi nokuba ngumqondiso wokubandezela .
- Ukubamba izandla emva komva kungabonisa ukuba umntu uziva exhalabile, exhalabile okanye enomsindo.
- Ukubetha ngokukhawuleza iminwe okanye ukutshisa kungabonakalisa ukuba umntu uyaxhala, akaphelelwa yimonde okanye akhathazeke.
- Imilenze ehambayo ingabonisa ukuba umntu uziva uvaliwe okanye unesidingo semfihlo.
Iimpawu
Indlela esinokubamba ngayo imizimba yethu inokusebenza njengengxenye ebalulekileyo yolwimi lomzimba. Ixesha lexeshana libhekisela kwindlela esinokubamba ngayo imizimba yethu kunye nesimo somzimba wonke somntu. I-Posture ingadlulisela ubuninzi beenkcukacha malunga nendlela umntu azivakalelwa ngayo kunye neengcinga malunga neempawu zobuntu, njengokuthi umntu uqinisekile, uyavuleka okanye uyazithobela.
Ukuhlala ngokuchanekileyo, umzekelo, kunokubonisa ukuba umntu ugxininise kwaye ubeke ingqalelo kwizinto ezenzekayo. Ukuhlala kunye nomzimba ukuzingela phambili, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunokuthetha ukuba umntu uyaxhala okanye akanandaba.
Xa uzama ukufunda ulwimi lomzimba, zama ukujonga ezinye zeempawu zokuba umntu angathumela.
- Uvulo oluvulekileyo luquka ukugcina isigxina somzimba sivulekile kwaye sivelele. Olu hlobo lwesigxina lubonisa ubumnandi, ukuvuleka nokuzimisela.
- Ukuvalwa kwesithuba kufaka ukufihla isidumbu somzimba ngokudla ngokuzingela phambili nokugcina iingalo nemilenze. Olu hlobo lwesithuba esingasenza lube ngumqondiso weentshaba, ukungathandabuzeki kunye nokuxhalabisa.
Indawo Yomntu
Ngaba wake wakha umntu ebhekisela kwisidingo sabo sendawo? Ngaba uye waqala ukuziva ungakhululekile xa umntu emela nje encinane kakhulu kuwe?
Ixesha elixhomekeke kumxholongwane , eliqulunqwe ngu-Edward T. Hall, lithengisa umgama phakathi kwabantu njengoko bebenxibelelana. Njengokuba ukunyakaza komzimba kunye nesibonakaliso sombuso kunokunxibelelana nolwazi oluninzi olungenanto, ngokunjalo le ndawo ingaba phakathi kwabantu.
IHolo ichaza amanqanaba amane omgama woluntu owenzeka kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo:
- Umgama osondeleyo - ii-intshi eziyi-6 ukuya kwe-18: Eli nqanaba lomda wendalo libonisa ukuba ubuhlobo obusondeleyo okanye intuthuzelo enkulu phakathi kwabantu. Ngokuqhelekileyo kwenzeka ngexesha loqhagamshelwano olusondeleyo olunjengokukhawula, ukuhlekisana, okanye ukuthinta.
- Umgama wobuqu - 1.5 ukuya kweenyawo ezi-4: Umgama wobukhulu kweli nqanaba ngokuqhelekileyo uvela phakathi kwabantu abangamalungu entsapho okanye abahlobo abasondeleyo. Ukusondela kwabantu banokuma ngokukhawuleza ngexesha lokudibanisa kungabonakalisa inqanaba lolwalamano olusenyongweni lwabo.
- Umgama wezentlalo - ii- 4 ukuya kweenyawo ezili-12: Eli nqanaba lomgama ngokuqhelekileyo lisetyenziswe nabantu ababaziyo. Ngomnye owaziyo kakuhle, njengomsebenzi osebenza naye ubona amaxesha amaninzi ngeveki, unokuziva ukhululekile ukusebenzisana kumgama osondeleyo. Kwiimeko apho ungazi kakuhle omnye umntu, njengomqhubi weposi, ubona kuphela ngenyanga, umgama weenyawo ezili-10 ukuya kwi-12 unokuziva ukhululekile.
- Umgama womphakathi - 12 ukuya kweenyawo ezingama-25: Umgama wobuchule kule nqanaba udla ngokusetyenziswa kwiimeko zoluntu. Ukuthetha phambi kweklasi epheleleyo yabafundi okanye ukunikezela ngethuba emsebenzini kuyimimiselo emihle yeemeko ezinjalo.
Kwakhona kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba umgangatho wobuqu onobuqu abantu abafuna ukuziva ukhululekile unokuhluka ukusuka kwenkcubeko ukuya kwinkcubeko. Omnye umzekelo okhankanywe ngawo nguwuphi ummahluko phakathi kwabantu abavela kwiziLatin kunye nalabo baseMntla Melika. Abantu abavela emazweni aseLatini bavame ukuziva bekhululekile ngokumelana komnye nomnye xa bexhamla xa abo baseNyakatho Melika badinga umgama othe ngqo.
ILizwi
Ukuqonda ulwimi lomzimba kunokuhamba ixesha elide ekuncedeni ukuthetha kakuhle nabanye kunye nokutolika oko abanye bazama ukuzithumela.
Ngelixa kunokuba kunzima ukukhetha umqondiso omnye ngomnye, kubalulekile ukujonga ezi zibonakaliso ezingekho emthethweni malunga nokuthetha ngomlomo, ezinye izibonakaliso ezingenanto, kunye nemeko. Ungagxininisa ekufundeni ngakumbi malunga nendlela yokuphucula ukuthetha kwakho okungabonakaliyo ukuze ube ngcono ukuvumela abantu bazi ukuba unjani-ngaphandle kokuthetha igama.
> Imithombo:
> Ekman P. Imizwa Evezweyo: Ukubona ubuso kunye nemivo yokuphucula ukuXhumana noBomi boMoya. Wesi-2. ENew York: Holt; 2007.
> IHolo ET. Inkqubo yoLwazi lokuziphatha koLuntu. I-American Anthropologist. Oktobha 1963; 65 (5): 1003-1026. i-doi: 10.1525 / aa.1963.65.5.02a00020.
> Hehman, E, Flake, JK no Freeman, JB. Iimpawu zoBuso kunye neziDynamic zoBuso zihluke ngokuthe ngqo ukuHlanganisa koHlolo lweNtlalo. Ubuntu kunye neNzululwazi yezeNzululwazi zeBlue . 2015; 41 (8): 1123-34. i-doi: 10.1177 / 0146167215591495.
> U-Pease A, i-Pease B. Incwadi ecacileyo yeLwimi loLwimi. Iqela lase-Orion Publishing; 2017.
> U-Pillai D, uShappard E, uMitchell P. Ngaba abantu banokucinga ukuba kwenzekani kwabanye ngokusabela kwabo? Gilbert S, ed. PLoS ONE . 2012; 7 (11): e49859. i-doi: 10.1371 / iphephandaba.pone.0049859.