Kutheni senza oko abanye besicela ukuba sikwenze?
Ngaba wakha wenza into ongeyifunayo ngokwenene ngenxa yokuba omnye umntu ekucelile? Ukuthenga into emva kokuxhaswa ngumthengisi womhlaba okanye uzame uphawu oluthile lwe-soda emva kokubona ukuvumela ukuthengisa kunye nomdumo wakho ozithandayo yimizekelo emibini yento eyaziwayo njengokuthobela.
Inempembelelo enjani kwihambo yethu yentlalo?
Ngaba kukho naziphi na izinto ezichaphazela ukuthotyelwa? Ukuze ufunde iimpendulo kule mibuzo, kubalulekile ukuqala ngokuqonda ngokuthe ngqo ukuthotyelwa kwendlela kwaye isebenza ngayo. Qhubeka ufunda ukuze ufumane okungakumbi malunga nabaphandi abaye bafunda malunga neengqondo zokuthobela.
Yintoni ukuthotyelwa?
Kwiengqondo, ukuthobela kubhekisela ekutshintsheni indlela yokuziphatha ngenxa yesicelo okanye isiqondiso somnye umntu. Ihamba kunye neqela okanye iguqula indlela yokuziphatha ukuze ihambelane neqela, ngelixa lingavumelani neqela. Ngokungafani nokuthobela, apho omnye umntu esesigxina sogunyaziwe, ukuthobela akuxhomeki ekubeni kwindawo yesigunya okanye igunya phezu kwabanye.
- "Ukuthobela kubhekisela kwishintsho ekuphatheni okucelwa ngumnye umntu okanye iqela; umntu wenza ngendlela ethile kuba abanye babemcela ukuba enze njalo (kodwa kwakunokwenzeka ukunqanda okanye ukuncipha.)" (Breckler, Olson, & Wiggins, 2006)
- Iimeko ezifuna ukuthotyelwa zithatha iindidi ezininzi: Ezi zibandakanya isikhalazo somngane uncedo, i-sheepishly ifakwe ngumbuzo othi "Ngaba unokwenzela inceba?" Ziquka iintengiso ze-intanethi eziklanyelwe ukunyanzela kwindawo yokuthengisa. kunye nomgcini-mthengisi wezoshishino ebhalwe ngaphambili ngamazwi anobungozi "Ngaba ndifumene isivumelwano!" Ngamanye amaxesha isicelo sibheke phambili kwaye sichaze oko usibonayo. ukucwangcisa. " (Kassin, Fein, & Markus, 2011)
Iinkqubo ezisetyenziselwa ukuthotyelwa
Ukuthobela kuyisifundo esiyinhloko somdla kwintsimi yengqondo yabathengi . Lo mbandela uyingqalelo kwi-psychology yokuziphatha kwabathengi, kubandakanywa nendlela abathengisi abanokuchaphazela ngayo abathengi kwaye baxhobise ukuba bathenge iimpahla kunye neenkonzo. Abathengi bahlala bexhomekeke kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zokufumana ukuthotyelwa kwabathengi. Ezinye zezi zicwangciso ziquka:
- I-"Door-in-the-Face" Technique
Kulo ndlela, abathengisi baqala ngokucela ukuzibophezela okukhulu. Xa omnye umntu enqaba, benze isicelo esincinci nangaphezulu. Ngokomzekelo, cinga ukuba umnini-shishini uyakucela ukuba wenze utyalo-mali olukhulu kwithuba elitsha lebhizinisi. Emva kokunciphisa isicelo, umnini-shishini uyabuza ukuba ubuncinane wenze intengiso emncinci ukuze umncede. Emva kokuba wenqabe isibonelelo sokuqala, unokuba unyanzelekile ukuba uhambisane nesibini isibheno sakhe. - I-"Foot-in-the-Door" Technique
Kulo ndlela, abathengisi baqala ngokucela nokufumana ukuzinikela okuncinci. Emva kokuba sele uthobele isicelo sokuqala, unako ukuthobela isibini, isicelo esikhulu. Umzekelo, umqeshwa wakho osebenza naye ucela ukuba uyayilungela usuku. Emva kokuba u-ewe, uya kubuza ukuba unokuthi uqhubeke ugcwalisa yonke iveki.
- I-"Yiyo-Ayikho Yonke" I-Technique
Ngaba uke wafumana ukubukela ithelevishini engaphelelanga? Emva kokuba umkhiqizo uphonywe, umthengisi wongezelela isongezelelo esongezelelweyo phambi kokuba umthengi onokuthi enze isigqibo. "Akunjalo konke," umthengisi angasichazela ukuba, "Ukuba uthengela i-widgets yeejethi ngoku, siza kuphosa iwijethi eyongezelelweyo!" Injongo kukukwenza ukuba isibonelelo sibonakale kunokwenzeka. - I-"Bballball "Technique
Esi sicwangciso sifaka ukufumana umntu ukuba azinikezele aze aphakamise imigangatho okanye izibophelelo zokuzibophezela. Umzekelo, umnini-mthengisi angakuvumela ukuba uvumele ukuthenga isicwangciso esithile sefowuni kwintengo ephantsi ngaphambi kokuba ungeze kwiqela leemali ezifihliweyo ezenza isicwangciso sibe sindleko.
- Ingratiation
Le ndlela ibandakanya ukufumana imvume evela kujoliso ukuze kuthotyelwe ukuthotyelwa kwawo. Amacandelo afana nokucwangcisa iinjongo okanye ukuzithoba ngendlela ekhangela umntu aqhele ukusetyenziswa kule ndlela. - Ukuphindaphinda
Abantu banakho ukuthobela xa beva ukuba omnye umntu sele esenzile okuthile kubo. Sinobudlelwane bezenkolo ukuba sikholelwe ukuba ukuba abantu bayandisa ububele kuthi, kufuneka sibuyele. Abaphandi baye bafumanisa ukuba ukulungelelanisa kwimeko enamandla kangangokuthi isebenze nangona xa ukuthotyelwa kokuqala kungavunywanga okanye kuvela kumntu esingamthandayo.
Uphando Lithini Ngokuthobela?
Kukho izifundo ezaziwa kakhulu eziye zahlola izinto ezinxulumene nokuthotyelwa, ukuhambelana nokuthobela. Ezinye zezi ziquka:
- Uvavanyo lwe-Asch Conformity
Isazi sengqondo uSolomon Asch wenza uchungechunge lweemvavanyo ukubonisa indlela abantu abavumelana ngayo ngamaqela. Xa kuboniswe imigca emithathu yobude obuhlukeneyo, abathathi-nxaxheba bacelwa ukuba bakhethe umgca omde kunabo bonke. Xa abanye beqela (ababengabambisene nabo kwi-experiment) bakhetha umgca ongafanelekanga, abathathi-nxaxheba baya kuhambelana neengcinezelo zeqela kunye nokukhetha ubude bomda ongalunganga. - I-Milgram Yokuthobela Ukuvavanya
Uvavanyo lukaStanley Milgram oludumileyo kunye nolwaphikisanayo lubonisa ukuba amandla angasetyenziselwa ukuthobela abantu. Kule mvavanyo, abathathi-nxaxheba balawulwa ngumhloli ukuba banike umothuzelo wombane komnye umntu. Nangona ukutshitshiswa kwakungekho okwenene, abathathi-nxaxheba bakholelwa ngokwenene ukuba babesongela omnye umntu. I-Milgram ibone ukuba abantu abangama-65 ekhulwini beza kuzisa ubuninzi obuphezulu, mhlawumbi babulawa ngumbane kwiimfuno zecandelo lolawulo. - I-Stanford Prison Experiment
Ngee-1970, isazi sengqondo sezobuchopho uFilipu Zimbardo senze uvavanyo apho abathathi-nxaxheba badlala indima yabalindi kunye neentolongo kwintolongo edikiweyo eyenziwe kwisigxina seSebe le-Psychology kwiYunivesithi yaseStanford. Ekuqaleni kucetywe ukuhlala iiveki ezimbini, ukuzama ukupheliswa emva kweentsuku ezintandathu emva kokuba abalindi baqala ukubonakalisa ukuziphatha kakubi kwaye amabanjwa abe nexhala kwaye agxininise kakhulu. Uvavanyo lubonise ukuba abantu baya kuthobela njani ulindelo oluvela kwiindima ezithile zentlalo.
Izinto ezichaphazela ukuthotyelwa
- Abantu banakho ukuthobela xa bekholelwa ukuba babelana ngokufana nomntu owenza isicelo.
- Xa ukubambisana kweqela kubalulekile kubantu, banakho ukuthobela uxinzelelo loluntu. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba umfundi wekholeji ubeka ukubaluleka okukhulu ekubambeni kwikholeji yekholeji, banakho ukuhamba kunye nezicelo zeqela nangona zichasene neenkolelo zabo okanye iimfuno zabo.
- Ubuninzi bokuthotyelwa kwenyameko kunye nenani labantu abakhoyo. Ukuba ngaba omnye okanye abantu ababini kuphela, umntu unokuthi ahlasele uluvo lweqela kwaye angafuni ukuthobela.
- Ukuba khona phambi kweqela kwenza ukuba ukuthotyelwa kunokwenzeka.
> Imithombo:
> Breckler, SJ, Olson, JM, & Wiggins, EC (2006). I-Psychology Social. EBelmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth.
> Cialdini, RB (2007). Impembelelo: I-Psychology of Persuasion. INew York: Abapapashi bakaHarper Collins.
> Kassin, SM, Fein, S., & Markus, HR (2011). Psychology Social. EBelmont, CA: iWadsworth - iCengage Learning.
> Weiten. W., Dunn, DS, & Hammer, EY (2011). I-Psychology isetyenziswe kuBomi bwanamhlanje: Ulungiso kwiXesha lama-21. Belmon, CA: iWadsworth - iCengage Learning.