Izinto ezi-1 - 10 Okufuneka Uzazi Ngayo Imemori
Inkumbulo yethu isinceda ukuba siphi na. Ngenxa yokukhumbula ngokuqhelekileyo imicimbi yabantwana ekukhunjuleni apho sishiye khona iitshixo zethu, inkumbulo idlala indima ebalulekileyo kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi bethu. Isinika isingqondo sobuqu kwaye senze amava ethu okuphila rhoqo.
Kulula ukucinga ngememori njengekhabhinethi yokufakela ingqondo, ukugcina izinto zokufunda kude sifune. Enyanisweni, yinkqubo enzima kakhulu ebandakanya iinxalenye ezininzi zobuchopho . Imemori ingabonakala ngokucacileyo kwaye ihlala ihlala ixesha elide, kodwa iyakwazi ukungahambi kakuhle kunye nokulibala.
2 - I-Hippocampus idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimemori
I- hippocampus yindawo eboshwe ngayo i-horse-shae endaweni yengqondo ebambe indima ebalulekileyo ekudibaniseni ulwazi ukusuka kwimemori yesikhashana kwimemori yesikhathi eside. Inxalenye yenkqubo yesigxina , inkqubo ehambelana neemvakalelo kunye nezikhumbuzo zexesha elide. I-hippocampus ibandakanyeka kwiinkqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi njengokwenza, ukulungiselela nokugcina iingqalelo.
Kungenxa yokuba zombini zombini ubuchopho buyingqamaniso, i-hippocampus inokufumaneka kwiimbumba zombini. Ukulimala kwi-hippocampus kunokuthintela ukukwazi ukudala imemori emitsha, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-anterograde amnesia.
Ukusebenza kwe-hippocampus kunganciphisa kunye nobudala. Ngethuba ixesha abantu bafikelela kuma-80s, mhlawumbi balahlekelwe ngama-20 ekhulwini enxibelelwano lweentsholongwane kwi-hippocampus. Ngelixa bonke abantu abadala abadala bebonisa ukulahlekelwa kwe-neuron, abo babonisa ukunciphisa ukusebenza kwimvavanyo yememori.
3 -Izikhumbuzo ezininzi zexeshana zikhawuleza zilibalekile
Ubungakanani bendawo yokukhumbula imfutshane kancinci. Iingcali zikholelwa ukuba unokubamba malunga nezinto eziyisixhenxe kwimemori yexesha elifutshane malunga nemizuzu engama-20 ukuya kwe-30. Esi sikhundla sinokwabiwa ngokuthe ngandlela-thile ngokusebenzisa izicwangciso zokukhumbula njenge- chunking , okubandakanya ukuqokelela ulwazi oludibeneyo kwiincinci "ezincinci."
Kwiphepha elidumile elapapashwa ngowe-1956, isazi sengqondo sengqondo uGeorge Miller sacetyisa ukuba amandla okukhumbula imfutshane ukugcina uluhlu lwezinto kwakukho phakathi kweyesihlanu nesithoba. Namhlanje, iingcali ezininzi zeememori zikholelwa ukuba amandla okwenyaniso emfutshane imfutshane mhlawumbi isondele kwinani elinesine.
Jonga oku kwizenzo ngokwakho ngokuzama le mvavanyo yexesha elifutshane . Sebenzisa imizuzu emibini ngekhanda uluhlu lwamagama aluncedo, uze ufumane iphepha elingenanto kwaye uzame ukubhalela amaninzi amagama owakhumbulayo.
4 - Ukuvavanywa Kwolwazi Ngokwenene Kukunceda Ukhumbule Kulungile
Nangona kubonakala ngathi ukufunda nokuphinda uhlaziye ulwazi yindlela efanelekileyo yokuqinisekisa ukuba uya kukukhumbula, abaphandi baye bafumanisa ukuba ukuvavanywa kolwazi kuyona yindlela efanelekileyo yokuphucula ukukhumbula.
Olunye uvavanyo lufumanise ukuba abafundi abaye bafunda kwaye bavavanywa bebekhunjulwe ixesha elide lezinto eziphathekayo, kwanokwazi olungagqitywanga yimvavanyo. Abafundi ababenexesha elongezelelweyo lokufunda kodwa abazange bavavanywe babekhumbule kakhulu izinto.
5 - Unako Ukufunda Ukuphucula Imemori Yakho
Ngaba uvakalelwa kukuba uhlala ubala izinto okanye usebenzise izinto ozenzayo yonke imihla? Ngaba uke wazifumana uhamba ekamelweni kuphela ukuba uqaphele ukuba awukwazi ukukhumbula ukuba kutheni ungene khona kwindawo yokuqala? Nangona kubonakala ngathi ulahlwa ukunyamezela le mihla ngemihla, abaphandi baye bafumanisa ukuba unokufunda indlela yokuphucula imemori yakho .
Ibali elifihlayo le-2005 kwi- Monitor on Psychology kuphwankathe uphando olubonisa iindlela ezinobulumko zokujongana nokulahleka kwememori. Ezi zinto ziquka:
- Ukusebenzisa iteknoloji ukugcina umkhondo wolwazi. Izixhobo ezinjengezixhobo eziphathekayo ngesandla kunye namakhalenda okukhumbuza i-intanethi unokunceda abantu bagcine umkhondo wokuqeshwa kunye neminye imihla ebalulekileyo. Ukusebenzisa i-app isikhumbuzo kwifowuni yakho inokuba yindlela ehlelileyo yokuhlala phezulu kwimihla ebalulekileyo kunye neziganeko.
- Ukuthatha "umfanekiso wengqondo" kunokunceda. Ukuzama ukuzama ukwenza ingqalelo yengqondo yezinto odla ukulibala (njengokuba ushiye khona izitshixo zeemoto) kunokukunceda ukhumbule izinto ezingcono. Ngexesha elizayo xa ubeka izitshixo zakho phantsi, uthathe isikhashana ukuba uqaphele ngengqondo apho uzishiye khona kunye nezinye izinto ezazisondele. Ukuba ucinga kuwe "Ndashiye iitshixo zam ngekhredithi yam kwidesiki," mhlawumbi uzakufumana kulula ukukhumbula ulwazi emva koko.
- Sebenzisa iindlela zokukhumbula. Ukuphinda uhlaziye ulwazi, ukusebenzisa i-mnemonics kunye nezinye izicwangciso zokubamba ngekhanda mhlawumbi zingcono iindlela zokunqoba iingxaki ezincinane zememori. Ngokufunda indlela yokusebenzisa ezi cwangciso ngempumelelo, unokubamba iindawo eziphosakeleyo zememori yakho kwaye uqeqeshe ubuchopho bakho ukuba busebenze ngeendlela ezintsha.
6 - Kukho izizathu ezine ezibalulekileyo zokuba ukhumbula izinto
Ukuze ukwazi ukulwa nokulibala, kubalulekile ukuqonda ezinye zezizathu ezibangela ukuba sikhohlwe izinto. U-Elizabeth Loftus, enye yeengcali ezigqwesileyo zehlabathi kwimemori yabantu, uye wafumanisa izizathu ezine ezibalulekileyo zokuba ukulibala kwenzeka . Enye yeenkcazelo eziqhelekileyo yinto elula yokufumana ulwazi oluvela kwimemori. Oku kuya kwenzeka xa iinkumbulo zingabonakali zifikeleleke, zibangela ukuba zihlase ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Esinye isizathu esiqhelekileyo sokulibala ukuphazamiseka, okwenzekayo xa ezinye iinkumbulo zikhuphisana nezinye iimbongo. Ngokomzekelo, cinga ukuba umfazi uqale nje unyaka wesikolo esitsha njengomfundisi wesikolo saseprayimari. Uchitha ixesha elithile efunda amagama ngamnye kwabafundi bakhe, kodwa ngaphezu kwonyaka, uhlala ebiza enye intombazana ngegama elingalunganga. Ngoba? Ngenxa yokuba udade okhulileyo wentombazana wayekho kwiklasi efanayo kunyaka ongaphambili, kwaye ezi zibini zikhangeleka ngokufanayo. Yimemori yodade odala owenza ukuba kunzima ukukhumbula igama lomfundi oselula.
Ezinye izizathu zokulibala ziquka ukungaphumeleli ukugcina ingcaciso kwimemori kwindawo yokuqala okanye ngokuzame ukuzama ukulibala izinto ezinxulumene nesiganeko esibuhlungu okanye esibuhlungu.
Iimpawu ezi-7 ze-Amnesia kwiimifanekiso ziqhelekile
U-Amnesia yinto eqhelekileyo yesixhobo kwiifilimu, kodwa ezi ziboniso zihlala zingalunganga. Umzekelo, kaninzi kangakanani ubonayo umlinganisi ongeyena olahlekileyo olahlekelwa yimemori ngenxa yokugquma kwentloko kuphela ukuba imemori yabo ibuyiselwe ngokubuhlungu emva kokuxhatshazwa kwesibini kwikrele?
Kukho iintlobo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo ze-amnesia:
- I-Anterograde amnesia: Ukubandakanya ukulahlekelwa kwikhono lokwenza izinto ezintsha.
- Ukuhlaziya i-amnesia: Ukubandakanya ukulahlekelwa amandla okukhumbula izikhumbuzo ezidlulileyo, nangona amandla okudala imemori enokuhlala ehleli.
Nangona ezininzi iimpawu ze-movie ze-amnesia ziquka ukuhlaziywa kwe-amnesia, i-anterograde amnesia inene kakhulu. Icandelo elidumileyo le-anterograde i-amnesia yayisigulane esaziwa kwiincwadi njenge-HM Ngo-1953, wayenomsebenzi wokuhlinzwa kwengqondo ekuncedeni ukuyeka ukuxinwa okubangelwa ukuxhwaleka kwakhe. Utyando lwalubandakanya ukususwa kwee-hippocampi, imimandla yengqondo edibanisa kakhulu nenkumbulo. Ngenxa yoko, i-HM yayingeke isakwazi ukwenza nayiphi na isikhumbuzo sexesha elide.
Iimvumi ezibonakalayo kunye neenkqubo zikamabonwakude zivame ukubonisa ukulahleka kwememori njengento eqhelekileyo, kodwa iimeko ezinyanisekileyo ze-amnesia epheleleyo malunga nexesha elidlulileyo kunye nobungqina bezona ziqabile.
Ezinye zezona zizathu eziqhelekileyo ze-amnesia ziquka:
- Ingxaki : Ingozi ephathekayo, njengengozi yemoto, inokubangela ukuba ixhoba lilahlekelwe imemori ethile yomcimbi ngokwawo. Uxinzelelo lwengqondo, njengokuba lixhoba lokuxhatshazwa kwabantwana ngokwesondo, kunokubangela ukuba umntu alahlekelwe iinkumbulo zeemeko ezithile.
- Iziyobisi: Amachiza athile angasetyenziselwa ukwenza i-amnesia yesikhashana, ingakumbi ngexesha lonyango. Emva kokuba iziyobisi zigugile, imemori yomntu ibuyela kwimisebenzi evamile.
Iifilimu eziqukethe ukubonakaliswa kwe-Amnesia
- Robocop (1987)
- Ngokuphathelele uHenry (1991)
- Isiguli seNgesi (1996)
- Memento (2001)
- Ubume Bourne
- 50 Iingxelo zokuqala (2004)
- Ukufumana iNemo (2003)
I-blog yesayensi i- Neurophilosophy ibonisa iifilimu ezimbini ezinje ziveze ezibonisa ngokuchanekileyo kwe-amnesia: i- Memento kunye ne- Finding Nemo .
I-8 - I-Scent ingaba yi-Power Memory
Ngaba wakha waphawula ukuba isiphumo esithile singabangela ukukhumbula izinto ezintle? Ukuvumba kwama-cookie baking kukukhumbuza ukuba uchithe ixesha kwikhaya legogo wakho xa wawuyingane encinane. Iphunga levumba elithile lingakhumbuza iqabane lomlingane olwalamano lwakho nolwalamano olumuncu.
Kutheni kubonakala ngathi ukuvumba kubonakala kunjalo?
Okokuqala, i-nerf yoltifact isondelene kakhulu ne-amygdala, indawo yengqondo edibeneyo namava kunye nememori yeemvakalelo. Ukongeza, i-nerf yoltifact isondelene kakhulu ne-hippocampus, enxulumene nenkumbulo njengoko ufunde kwangaphambili kweli nqaku.
Ikhono lokwenene lokuhogela lixhomekeke kakhulu kwimemori. Uphando luye lwabonisa ukuba xa iingingqi zobuchopho ezixhunyiwe kwimemori zonakaliswe, ukukwazi ukufumanisa i-smell ayiyiyo. Ukuze uqaphele isiphunga, kufuneka ukhumbule xa uyivumile ngaphambili uze uyidibanise nolwazi olubonakalayo olwenzeka ngexesha elifanayo. Ngokomnye uphando, ukufunda ulwazi phambi kwendawo ephosakeleyo kukunyusa ukukhanya kunye nokuqina kwelo lwazi olukhunjulwayo xa uphefumla loo mvumba.
9 - Ukuqhagamshelana kweBrains entsha Kuye kwenziwa Yonke ixesha Uyikhumbula iMemori
Abaphandi baye bakholelwa ukuba ukutshintsha kweengqondo ze-neurons zidibaniswa nokubunjwa kweenkumbulo. Namhlanje, ezininzi iingcali zikholelwa ukuba ukukhumbula imemori kudibaniswa nokuqiniswa kwezixhobo ezikhoyo okanye ukukhula koqhagamshelwano olutsha phakathi kwe- neurons .
Ukudibanisa phakathi kweeseliti ze-nerve kuyaziwa ngokuba yi-synapses, kwaye bavumela ulwazi oluqhutywe ngendlela yeentsholongwane zentsholongwane ukusuka kwi-neuron enye ukuya elandelayo. Kwingqondo yomntu, kukho iintlawuli ze-synapses ezenza inethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi kwaye iguquguqukayo evumela ukuba sizive, siziphathe kwaye sicinge. Kukho utshintsho kwiintlobo zesalathisi kwiindawo zobuchopho ezifana ne-cortex ye-cerebral kunye ne-hippocampus enxulumene nokufunda nokugcina ulwazi olutsha.
Kwisifundo esithile esenziwa kwiSikolo seMicrosoft yaseNew York, abaphandi bakwazi ukugcina ukubunjwa kwe-synapse kwiibhokhwe zegundane ezenziwe ngezityalo. Oko bakufumanisa kukuba kwintlanzi emancinci, iimbonkqo ezincinci eziba ngamaxesha athile zibe zihluma ezinde kwixesha lokufumana i-neurons zanda ngezinga elikhawulezayo. Olu nqanaba lokukhula luhambelaniswe nophuhliso olukhawulezayo lwe-cortex ebonakalayo. Ngelixa inani elikhulu lala maqhekeza amancinci ekugqibeleni laphela, ubudala baninzi baqhubeka nokubunjwa kwabo kwiintsiba.
Umphandi okhokelayo uWen-Biao Gan wachaza kwingxoxo kwiwebhusayithi yesayensi ethi WhyFiles.org , "Ingcamango yethu kukuba akudingeki ukuba wenze iindibano ezininzi ezintsha kunye nokulahla abantu abadala xa ufunda, khumbula. ukuguqula amandla e-synapses ye-preexist yokufunda kunye nememori yexesha elifutshane. Nangona kunjalo, mhlawumbi i-synapses embalwa yenziwe okanye ikhutshwe ukuze iphumelele imemori ende. "
Kucacile, ukugcina ubuchopho kunye ne-synapses enempilo kubalulekile. Ukutshatyalaliswa kwe-synapses ngenxa yezifo okanye i-neurotoxins inxulumene neengxaki zengqondo, ukulahleka kwememori, ukuguquka kwemizwa, kunye nokunye utshintsho kwimisebenzi yengqondo.
Ngoko unokwenza ntoni ukuqinisa ii-synapses zakho?
- Gwema uxinzelelo: Uphando lufumene ukuba ukuxhalabisa ngokubanzi kunokuphazamisa umsebenzi we- neurotransmitter . Ezinye iziphumo ziye zafumanisa ukuba uxinzelelo luyancipha i-neurons kwi-prefrontal cortex kunye ne-hippocampus.
- Gwema iziyobisi, utywala kunye nezinye i-neurotoxins: Ukusetyenziswa kwezidakamizwa nokusetyenziswa ngokweqile kotywala kuye kwadibaniswa nokuhlaselwa kwe-synaptic. Ukubonakaliswa kweekhemikhali ezinobungozi ezinjengezinyithi ezinzima kunye neentlobo zezilwanyana ezinokubulala zinokudala ukulahleka kwe-synaptic.
- Yiba nokuzivocavoca: Ukusebenza rhoqo komzimba kunceda ukuphucula umoya-mpilo wengqondo, okubaluleke kakhulu ekubunzeni i-synaptic nokukhula.
- Khuthaza ubuchopho bakho: Mhlawumbi uvile i-adage yakudala "Yisebenzise okanye uyilahle." Ewe, kuvela into eninzi inyaniso xa ifika kwimemori. Abaphandi baye bafumanisa ukuba abadala asebekhulile ababandakanyeka kwimisebenzi yokukhuthaza ngokwengqondo abasenakukwazi ukuhlakulela ingqondo kunye nabantu abanemimiselo ephakamileyo yemfundo badla ukuba banxibelelwano oluninzi lwe-synaptic kwingqondo.
10 - Ubusuku obuhle buya kuphucula iMemori yakho
Mhlawumbi uye wakuva malunga nezizathu ezininzi zokulala ubusuku obuhle . Ukususela kuma-1960, abaphandi baye baqaphela uxhulumano olubalulekileyo phakathi kokulala nokukhumbula. Olunye uvavanyo lwama-classics olwenziwa ngo-1994, abaphandi bafumanisa ukuba ukulahla abachaphazelekayo bokulala bengakwazi ukuphucula ukusebenza kumsebenzi wokuchonga umgca.
Ukongezelela ekuncedeni kwimemori, ubuthongo bunendima ebalulekileyo ekufundeni ulwazi olutsha. Kwisifundo esithile, abaphandi bafumanisa ukuba ukulahlwa kwabafundi bokulala emva kokufunda isakhono esitsha kunciphise inkumbulo yolu buchule ukuya kwiintsuku ezintathu kamva.
Nangona kunjalo, abaphandi baye bafumanisa ukuba impembelelo yokulala kwimemori yenkqubo inamandla ngakumbi kunokuba imemori yokuvakalisa. Inkumbulo yeenkqubo ziquka ezo zinto zibandakanya izakhono zeemoto kunye neengqiqo, ngelixa iinkumbulo ezivakalisayo zibandakanya ukukhunjulwa kweenkcukacha.
"Ukuba uya kuvavanywa kwizenzi ezingama-42 ezingasifanelanga zesiFrentshi kusasa, unokuthi uhlale uhamba emva kwexesha kwaye udibanise," kuchaza uRobert Stickgold, uprofesa wengqondo kwiHarvard Medical School, kwinqaku epapashwe kwi-APA's Monitor on Psychology . Kodwa ukuba baya kuphonsa ibhola ye-curve kuwe kwaye bacele ukuba uchaze umehluko phakathi kweNguqulelo yesiFrentshi kunye neNguqulelo yezoPhuhliso, ulungele ukuba ulale. "
11 - Ukungaphumeleli kweMemori kwi-Old Age kungenakwenzeka
Nangona isifo se-Alzheimer kunye nezinye iingxaki zeememori ezinxulumene neminyaka zichaphazela abantu abadala abadala, ukulahlekelwa kwememori ngexesha lokudala kungenakukuphepha. Amanye amakhono akwazi ukuhla ngokukhula, kodwa abaphandi baye bafumanisa ukuba abantu abangama-70 bahlala beqhuba ngokufanayo kwiimvavanyo ezininzi ezinokwenkcazo njengabo ba-20s. Ezinye iindidi zeememori zanda zanda kunye nobudala.
Nangona abaphandi baqhubeka bezama ukuqonda ukuba kutheni abantu abadala asebekhulile bekwazi ukugcina imemori enhle xa abanye bebethathaka, kukho izinto ezimbalwa eziye zacetyiswa ngoku. Okokuqala, ezininzi iingcali zikholelwa ukuba kukho inxalenye yezofuzo ekugcinweni kwememori ngexesha lokuguga. Okwesibini, ukhetho lokuphila lukholelwa ukuba ludlala indima ebalulekileyo.
"Ndicinga ukuba ukusebenzisana kwendalo, inxalenye enkulu," uDkt Bruce S. McEwen, uprofesa kwiYunivesithi yaseRockefeller eNew York, wachazela i -New York Times . "'Ukutshatyalaliswa kwemfuyo kwandisa amathuba okuba amava abe nempembelelo."
Ngoko zithini na amanyathelo ongazithatha ukuze ugweme iziphumo ezibi zokuguga?
Ngokutsho kwesifundo esishumi-sinexesha elide, ukuba nomoya oqinileyo wokuzibhokoxa kuye kwahlanganiswa nokugcina izinto ezintle zokukhumbula ngexesha lokuguga. Ukuzinyamekela kubhekisela kwingqondo yokulawulwa kwabantu abangaphezu kwabo ubomi kunye nesiphelo. Lo mqondo onamandla wokuzibhokoxa uye wadibaniswa nokunciphisa amanqanaba okunyamezela. Njengoko kuthethwe ngaphambili, amanqanaba aphezulu okuxinezeleka okungapheliyo axhunyiwe ekudakaleni kwiindawo zememori zobuchopho.
Ngelo xesha akukho "ukulungiswa ngokukhawuleza" ekuqinisekiseni ukuba imemori yakho ihlala ihleli njengoko uneminyaka yobudala, abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba ukuphepha ukunyamezela, ukukhokelela kwimpilo esebenzayo kunye nokuhlala esengqondweni, kubalulekile iindlela zokunciphisa umngcipheko wokulahlekelwa kwememori.
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