Imemori yesikhashana, eyaziwa njengememori eyintloko okanye esebenzayo, ingcaciso esaziwayo okanye esicinga ngayo. Ulwazi olufunyenwe kwimemori yexesha elifutshane luvela kukunyamekela imemori engqondweni.
Ukujonga ngokukhawuleza:
- Imemori yexesha elifutshane imfutshane kakhulu. Xa iikhumbuzo zesikhashana zingaphinde zihlaziywe okanye zigcinwe ngokunyanisekileyo, zigcina imizuzwana nje.
- Imemori yexesha elifutshane likhawulelwe. Ngokuqhelekileyo kucetyiswa ukuba imemori yexesha elifutshane inokubamba i-seven plus or minus items.
Ubude
Ininzi yolwazi egcinwe kwimemori yexesha elifutshane iya kugcinwa malunga nemizuzu engama-20 ukuya kweyesi-30, kodwa ingaba imizuzwana nje ukuba ukuhlaziya okanye ukugcinwa okusebenzayo kolwazi kuthintela. Olunye ulwazi lunokugqibela kwimemori yesikhashana kuze kube yiminithi, kodwa inkoliso yenkcazelo inokubola ngokukhawuleza ngokukhawuleza.
Umzekelo, cinga ukuba uzama ukukhumbula inombolo yefowuni. Omnye umntu ugxotha kwinombolo yefowuni, kwaye wenza isaziso sengqondo esheshayo. Emva kwexesha uqonda ukuba sele ulilibale inamba. Ngaphandle kokuphinda uhlaziye okanye uqhubeke nokuphinda unombolo de uzinikezele kwimemori, ulwazi lukhawuleza lulahleke kwimemori yesikhashana.
Unokwandisa ubude beemakhumbuzo zexesha elifutshane ngeendlela ngokusebenzisa izicwangciso zokuphinda uhlaziye njengokuba uthetha ulwazi ngokuvakalayo okanye ukuphinda ucinge ngokwengqondo.
Nangona kunjalo, ulwazi kwimemori yexesha elifutshane nalo luyakwazi ukuphazamiseka. Naluphina ulwazi olutsha oluya kwimemori yexeshana liza kushenxisa naluphi na ulwazi oludala. Izinto ezifanayo kwiimeko ezingqongileyo ziyakwazi ukuphazamisa ukukhumbula okufutshane.
Nangona ezininzi iinkumbulo zethu zexeshana zikhohliwe ngokukhawuleza, ukuya kule nkcazelo kuvumela ukuba uqhubeke nesigaba esilandelayo -imemori ende .
Amandla
Isixa solwazi olungagcinwa kwimemori yexesha elifutshane lingahluka. Isiqhelo esicatshulwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo siquka okanye sinciphise izinto ezisixhenxe, ngokusekelwe kwimiphumo yoluvo oludumileyo kwimemori yesikhashana. Kwiphepha elinempembelelo elibizwa ngokuthi "Inombolo Yobunzima Besixhenxe, I-Plus okanye I-Minus Two," isazi sezengqondo uGeorge Miller sicetyise ukuba abantu banokugcina izinto ezintlanu kunye nesithoba kwiimemori zesikhashana . Uphando olutshanje lubonisa ukuba abantu banako ukugcina ubuncinci malunga neenkcukacha ezine okanye iinkcukacha zolwazi kwimemori yesikhashana.
Ukwahlukana phakathi kweMemori yesikhashana kunye neMemori yokuSebenza
Imemori yesikhashana idla ngokusetyenziswa ngokungafaniyo kunye nememori yokusebenza, kodwa ezo zibini zimele zisetyenziswe ngokwahlukileyo. Imemori yokusebenza ibhekisela kwiinkqubo ezisetyenziselwa ukugcina, ukulungiselela, nokusebenzisa ulwazi. Imemori yexesha elifutshane, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ibhekisela kuphela kwisitoreji sexeshana senkcazelo kwimemori.
Ukwahlula ixesha elifutshane elide kwiMemori yexesha elide
Abaphandi benkumbulo basebenzisa into ebizwa ngokuba yimodeli yesithathu yokugcina ukukhumbula imemori yabantu. Lo mzekeliso ubonisa ukuba imemori iqukethe izitolo ezintathu ezisisiseko: i-sensory, i-short-term, kunye nexesha elide kwaye nganye yezo ziyakwazi ukwahlula ngokusekelwe kumandla wokugcina kunye nobude.
Nangona inkumbulo yexesha elide inekhono elibonakala lingenamkhawulo elidlulayo iminyaka, imemori yesikhashana ifutshane kwaye iyancipha. Ukunxibelelana ngolwazi kumaqela amancinci kwenza kube lula ukukhumbula izinto ezininzi ngexesha elifutshane.
Imboniselo yokujonga imemori ibonisa ukuba imemori yabantu isebenza kangangoko ikhompyutha. Kulo mzekelo, ulwazi lokuqala luya kwimemori yesikhashana (ivenkile yokugcinwa kwexeshana ezenzakaliso zangoku) kwaye ke ezinye zeenkcukacha ziya kudluliselwa kwimemori yesikhathi eside (isitoreli esigxina), kufana nolwazi olusekhompyutheni olubekwa ihadi diski.
Iimemori zexesha elifutshane zingaphila njani ixesha elide?
Ekubeni imemori yexesha elifutshane likhawulelwe kumgangatho wesibini kunye nobude, ukugcinwa kweenkumbulo kufuna ukudlulisa ulwazi kwiivenkile zexesha elifutshane ukuya kwimemori ende.
Kwenzeka njani le nto? Kukho iindlela ezimbalwa ezahlukeneyo ukuba ulwazi lunokuzibophezela kwimemori yexesha elide.
Njengoko kuthethwe ngaphambili, i-chunking yinto ekhunjulwayo yokukhumbuza ingakwazi ukuhambisa ukudluliswa kolwazi kwimemori yesikhathi eside. Le ndlela iquka ukuphula ulwazi kwiinqununu ezincinci. Ukuba uzama ukukhumbuza umnqwanqwa weenombolo, umzekelo, uza kubahlula ukuya kwiibhloko ezintathu okanye ezine.
Ukuphonononga kwakhona kunokunceda ulwazi luyenze kwimemori yesikhathi eside. Ungasebenzisa le ndlela xa ufunda izinto zokuhlola. Endaweni yokuba uhlolisise ulwazi ngokukhawuleza kunye okanye kabini, ungaphaya amanqaku akho ngokuphindaphindiweyo uze ufumane ulwazi olubalulekileyo kwimemori.
Iindlela ezichanekileyo zokukhunjulwa kwamakhumbuzo ukususela kwixesha elifutshane ukuya kwiivenkile zexesha elide zihlala ziphikisana kwaye ziqondwa kakuhle. Imodeli yeklasikhi, eyaziwa ngokuba ngumzekelo we-Atkinson-Shiffrin okanye imodeli emodyuli, iphakanyiswe ukuba zonke iinkumbulo zesikhashana zifakwa ngokuzenzekelayo kwimemori yesikhathi eside emva kwexesha elithile.
Ngoku kutshanje, abanye abaphandi bacebise ukuba ukuhlelwa kwengqondo kuyenzeka kwaye kwaye kuphela iimemori ezithile ezikhethiweyo ukugcinwa kwexesha elide. Sekunjalo, abanye abaphandi baphikisana nembono yokuba kukho izitolo ezihlukeneyo zexesha elifutshane kunye nexesha elide.
Uphando olutsha luye lwabonisa ukuba umsebenzi unokuncedisa ukwandisa imemori yesikhashana. Olunye uvavanyo lwafumanisa ukuba isenzo sokunyathela isisombululo kwiimvenge ezine-Alzheimer ezikhokelela ekuphuculeni kwimemori yesikhashana ngokunyusa i- neurogenesis , enika ithemba kwiindlela ezintsha ezenza ukuba ezinye zeempawu ezidityaniswe nesifo se-Alzheimer.
ILizwi
Imemori yexesha elifutshane idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekwakheni ikhono lethu lokusebenza kwihlabathi elikusijikelezayo, kodwa lilinganiselwe ngokwamandla kunye nobude. Izifo kunye nokulimala kunokuba nefuthe ekukhunjweni kwexesha elifutshane kunye nokuguqula kwiikhumbuzo zexesha elide. Njengoko abaphandi baqhubeka befunda ngokubanzi malunga nezinto ezichaphazela imemori, iindlela ezintsha zokuphucula nokukhusela imemori yesikhashana ziqhubeke nokuvela.
> Iingcaciso
> Coon, D & Mitterer, JO. Isingeniso kwiSkychology: Ingenelelo kwengqondo nokuziphatha. EBelmont, CA: iWadworth Cengage Learning; 2010.
> Kim, BK, et al. Ukusetyenziswa kweTreadmill kuphucula imemori yexesha elifutshane ngokuphucula i-neurogenesis kwiirati ze-Alzheimer ezibangelwa yi-bety-induced rats. J Exerc Rehabil. 2014; 10 (1): 2-8. i-doi: 10.12965 / jer.140086.