Ukuqonda ukuba imilinganiselo engakanani ye-IQ ingakuxelela (kunye noko akunako)
IQ, okanye i-intelligence quotient, ngumlinganiselo wokukwazi kwakho ukuqiqa nokulungisa iingxaki. Iyabonisa ngokucacileyo indlela oyenze ngayo uvavanyo oluthile xa uthelekiswa nabanye abantu beqela lakho leminyaka. Nangona iimvavanyo zingahluka, i-IQ yesilinganiso kwiimvavanyo ezininzi i-100, kwaye i-68 ekhulwini yamanqaku iphakathi kwe-85 ne-115.
Ngelixa i-IQ ingaba yizinto ezibonakalayo ezifana nokuphumelela kwezemfundo, iingcali zi lumkisa ukuba akusikho isiqinisekiso sokuphila.
Ngamanye amaxesha abantu abane-IQ eziphezulu kakhulu abahambelani kakuhle ebomini, ngelixa i-IQ eziqhelekileyo zikhula.
Umyinge we-IQ izikolo
Ukulinganiswa kobunkokheli kuye kwaba yinto eshushu kakhulu kwizesayensi kunye nemfundo-kunye nengxabano. Iimvavanyo zengqondo zenye yeentlobo ezithandwa kakhulu zengqondo ezisetyenziswayo namhlanje. Ukususela ekubeni iimvavanyo zokuqala ze-IQ zivele, ukuzama ukubeka i-IQ kulandele.
Ukuze uqonde ukuba imilinganiselo engakanani ye-IQ kwaye yintoni ekuthethwa ngayo, kubalulekile ukuba uqale uqonde indlela i-IQ ilinganiswa ngayo. Nangona abavakalisi beemvavanyo ezahlukeneyo basebenzisa iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokubeka amanqaku, kwiimvavanyo ezininzi ze-IQ zamanqanaba eziqhelekileyo (okanye zithetha ) amanqaku atyathwa kwi-100 kunye nokuphambuka okuqhelekileyo kwe-15 ukwenzela ukuba amanqaku ahambelane nomgca wokusabalalisa oqhelekileyo.
- Kwiimvavanyo ezininzi, amanqaku angama-100 ithathwa njenge-IQ ephakathi.
- Ipesenti ezingama-68 zamanqaku ziphantsi kokuphambuka komgangatho omnye kwintetho (oko kukuthi, phakathi kuka-85 no-115). Oko kuthetha ukuba malunga nama-70 ekhulwini kubo bonke abantu abanamanqaku angaphantsi okanye abangaphantsi kwamanqaku angama-15 kumanqaku aphakathi.
- Amaphesenti angama-95 amanqaku awela phantsi kweendlela ezimbini zokuphambuka (phakathi kwe-70 no-130). Ama-Outliers ngaphaya kwale ngongoma abamele isahlulo esincinci sabantu, oko kuthetha ukuba kuphela ipesenti yabantu abanayo i-IQ ephantsi (ngaphantsi kwe-70) okanye i-IQ ephezulu kakhulu (ngaphezu kwe-130).
- Amanqaku angaphantsi kwe-70 angabonisa ubukho bohlobo oluthile lophuhliso okanye ukukhubazeka kokufunda ngelixa amanqaku angaphezulu kwama-130 angabonisa ubuchule.
Indlela i-IQ ebalwa ngayo
Ngokomlando, iimvavanyo ze-IQ ziye zafakwa ngeendlela ezimbini. Kwindlela yokuqala, ixesha lomntu lahlula ngokwexesha lokulandelana kwazo kwaye liphindwe ngama-100. Ezinye iindlela ziquka ukuqhathanisa amanqaku ngokuchasene namanye amanqaku kwiqela elifanayo lomntu.
Ngale ndlela, i-psychometricians isebenzisa inkqubo eyaziwa njenge-standard standards ukwenza kube lula ukuthelekisa nokutolika intsingiselo yezikolo ze-IQ. Le nqubo ifezekiswa ngokulawula uvavanyo kwisampula ummeli kunye nokusebenzisa la manqaku ukuseka imigangatho, ngokuqhelekileyo ekubhekiswa njengemigangatho, apho onke amanqaku angaboniswa.
Ekubeni umlinganiselo we-median u-100, iingcali zinokukhawuleza zivavanye amanqaku okuvavanya ngamnye kumlambo ukugqiba apho ezi zikolo ziwela kwi-distribution evamile.
Iinkqubo zokuhlaziya zingahluka ukusuka kumvakalisi omnye ukuya kwesinye nangona abaninzi banamathela ekulandeleni inkqubo efanayo yokulinganisa.
- Ngokomzekelo, kwi-Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale kunye novavanyo lweStanford-Binet, amanqaku awela phakathi kwe-90 no-109 anqatshwa njengamazinga e-IQ avareji.
- Kule mivavanyo efanayo, amanqaku awela phakathi kwe-110 no-119 abhekwa njengamazinga aphezulu e-IQ. Amanqaku angama-80 no-89 ahlelwa njengamaxabiso aphantsi.
Ngoko ke, kwiimeko ezininzi, ukuba ufumana uphawu lwe-IQ malunga no-100, ngoko unako oko kuthathwa njenge-IQ ephakathi. Musa ukuxhalabisa-ungumntu ontle. Uninzi lwabantu luba ngaphantsi komlinganiselo omnye wokulinganisa lo myinge.
Uvavanyo lwe-IQ kunye nokulinganisa koBulumko
Iimvavanyo zengqondo zenzelwe ukulinganisa i-intelligence etyununu . I-intelligstalised intelligence iquka ulwazi lwakho nezakhono ozifumene ebomini bakho xa ubulumko bendalo bukwazi ukucinga, ukuxazulula iingxaki kunye nolwazi olunengcaciso.
I-intelligence ye-Fluid ithathwa njengezimeleyo zezifundo kwaye iyancipha ekuhlaleni kwabantu abadala.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Crystallized intelligence, inxulumene ngqo nokufunda kunye namava kunye nokunyuka njengoko abantu bekhula.
Iimvavanyo ze-IQ zilawulwa ngabaphathi beengqondo. Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zovavanyo lweengcaphephe, kodwa ezininzi zibandakanya uchungechunge lwezinto ezizenzekelayo ezilungiselelwe ukulinganisa ubuchule beemathematika, izakhono zolwimi, imemori, izakhono zokuqiqa kunye nesantya sokuqhubela ulwazi. Amanqaku kulezi zintengiso zidibeneyo ukuze zifake amanqaku e-IQ jikelele.
Iimvavanyo ezimbalwa zezona ziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswayo namhlanje zibandakanya:
- I-Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale kubantu abadala
- I-Wechsler Intelligence Scale yabantwana
- I-Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales
- I-Kaufman Assessment Battery yabantwana
- Inkqubo yoVavanyo lweCognitive
- I-Differential Skility Scales
- Uvavanyo lwe-Woodcock-Johnson lweZakhono zoCacnitive
Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ngelixa abantu badla ngokuthetha nge-IQs eziphakathi, eziphantsi kunye ne-Genius, akukho vavanyo lwe-IQ olulodwa. Izivavanyo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zisetyenziswa namhlanje kuquka iStanford-Binet ekhankanywe ngasentla kunye ne-Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, kunye ne-Woodcock-Johnson Test of Skognitive Abilities. Uvavanyo lomntu ngamnye luhluke ngokubhekiselele kwinqanaba elilinganiselweyo, ukuba lifunyenwe njani, kwaye ukuba la manqaku aguqulelwe njani.
Iingxabano ngaphezu kwe-IQ
Ukususela ekuqaleni kweemvavanyo zokuqala zengqondo, zombini izifundo kunye neengcaphephe zengqondo zengxowa-mbono ziye zaxubusha ukungalingani kwintelligence, kubandakanywa ukudibanisa okunokwenzeka phakathi kwe-IQ kunye nohlanga. Ukongeza kwintsebenziswano phakathi kohlanga kunye ne-IQ, abantu baye bazama ukudibanisa ukungalingani kwe-IQ nakweminye imiba efana nokwahluka kwesini kunye nobuzwe. Enye into ebalulekileyo ekufuneka iphawule ukuba kukuba, iinqununu ze-IQ ziye zanda emhlabeni jikelele, into eyaziwa ngokuba yimpembelelo kaFlynn.
Uhlanga kunye ne-IQ izikolo
Ngexesha le-1920, i-US Army isebenzisa ukuhlolwa kwe-IQ ekuqeshweni kwaye yafumanisa ukuba abantu abahlukeneyo babonisa ukungafani kweqela kwiinqanaba eziqhelekileyo ze-IQ. Ezi ziphumo zanceda ukunyakaza kwe-eugenics kunye nabaxhasa uxhaso lohlanga.
Incwadi ka-1994 I-Bell Curve yavuselela ingxabano kunye nokuphikisana, njengoko le ncwadi ikhuthaze ingcamango yokuba ukungafani kweqela lobuhlanga kwimilinganiselo ephakathi ye-IQ bekubangelwa yimfuza. Abagxeki bakhothazela ukuba ukuhlukana kweqela elinjalo kuchanekileyo ngemveliso yendalo eguqukayo.
Iingxoxo ezinjalo malunga nobuhlanga kunye ne-IQ zibonakalisa inkqubela ye- nature versus . Ngaba iimpawu ezithile, iimpawu kunye nobuchule obuchaphazela kakhulu i-genetics okanye izizathu zendalo? Abo bakholelwa ukuba uhlanga lugxininiso lwe-IQ lithatha uhlangothi lwendalo, luchaza ukuba ukulungelelaniswa yiyona nto iphambili ye-IQ.
Nangona kunjalo, uphando lufumene ukuba nangona i-genetics ithatha indima ekuqaliseni i-intelligence, izinto zendalo-nxaxheba zidlala indima ebalulekileyo. Ezinye izinto eziye zadibaniswa nokungafani kweqela kumanqanaba aphakathi kwe-IQ ziquka imfundo, impilo kunye nesondlo, isimo sezentlalo, ukuhlaziywa kovavanyo, kunye nesimo semincinci.
Ephendula, i-American Psychological Association yakha iqela elikhethekileyo elikhokelwa yingcali yeengqondo Ulric Neisser ukuphanda amabango ayenziwe yincwadi. Abafumananga ubungqina obuchanekileyo bokuxhasa ukuchazwa kofuzo lwamanani okuvavanya phakathi kwamnyama nabamhlophe. Esikhundleni saloo nto, bathetha ukuba ngeli xesha, akukho zichazi ezaziwa malunga nokungafani.
Ukwahlukana kobuzwe kumyinge we-IQ izikolo
Izifundo zengqondo yelizwe zibonisa ukuba kukho ukungafani kwizikolo ze-IQ phakathi kweentlanga ezahlukeneyo. Ezi zifundo zihlala zingaphelelanga, kodwa ezinye iimvavanyo zezihloko zenziwe ngokudala uqikelelo lwe-IQ ephakathi kwiintlanga ezahlukeneyo. Ukwahlukana okunjalo kunokuxhomekeke kakhulu kwimpembelelo engqongileyo efana neemeko zentlalo, amazinga okufunda nokubhala, amanani emfundo, kunye nokulinda ubomi.
Ngokomphando owenziwa nguRichard Lynn noTatu Vanhanen, iHong Kong ine-IQ ephezulu kwi-108 ngelixa i-Equatorial Guinea yayingaphantsi kwe-59. Imilinganiselo yeqela le-IQ yamanye amazwe yayiquka i-United States kwi-98, i-United Kingdom ngo-100, kwaye EItali ngo-102.
Ukwahlukana koSondo kuMyinge we-IQ izikolo
Kule minyaka, abanye abaphandi baye baxela ukuba abantu abesilisa okanye amabhinqa bafumana inzuzo ngokwemigaqo ye-IQ kanti abanye bebhikishe ukuba akukho mvelaphi ebalulekileyo phakathi kwamadoda nabasetyhini. Olunye uphando lufumanise ukuba nangona kwakungekho umehluko oqhelekileyo kwiinqununu ze-IQ phakathi kwamadoda nabasetyhini, kwakukho ukuhlukahluka kwii-IQ izikolo phakathi kwamadoda.
Uphando lufumene ukuba kukho ukungafani kancinci ekusebenzeni kwemisebenzi yezandla kunye nezithuba, kunye nabasetyhini benza ngcono kwimisebenzi ethile yomlomo kunye namadoda enza ngcono kwimisebenzi ethile yokwenza indawo. Nangona kunjalo, abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba okungafaniyo kuphela ngenxa yokungafani kwezinto eziphilayo kunye nefuthe lenkcubeko, amava kunye nemfundo.
Ingaba I-Score ye-IQ yamanqaku ikuThetha
Nangona ezinye i-generalizations ezincinci zingenziwa ngokumalunga nomlinganiselo wakho we-IQ wamanani, gcina oku kulandelayo engqondweni:
- Kuthetha ukuba unesisombululo sokuqiqa nokulungisa iingxaki. I-score yakho ye-IQ ingaba ngumqondiso oqhelekileyo wendlela yokuqiqa kunye neengxaki zokuxazulula iingxaki , kodwa ezininzi iingcali zengqondo zibonisa ukuba ezi mvavanyo azixeleli ibali lonke.
- Umlinganiselo wesilinganiso se-IQ asinakukuxelela ibali elipheleleyo malunga noko unako. Izinto ezimbalwa abazilinganisiyo izakhono ezisebenzayo kunye neetalente. Unokuba nomlinganiselo we-IQ wesilinganiso, kodwa ungase ube ngumculi omkhulu, umculi wobugcisa, umculi oyingcali okanye umatshini. Isazi sengqondo sengqondo uHoward Gardner saphuthukise imfundiso yeengcinga ezininzi ezilungiselelwe ukujongana nokungaphumeleli okubonakalayo kwiimpawu eziqhelekileyo ze-IQ.
- IQ izikolo azinakusetyenzwa kwiitye. Abaphandi baye bafumanisa ukuba izikolo ze-IQ zinokutshintsha ngexesha. Olunye uphando lubhekisele kwizifundo ze-IQ zentsha ekufikeni kwasebuntwaneni kwaye kwakhona emva kweminyaka emine. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba amanqaku ahlukeneyo ngamanqaku angama-20 ngaphezu kwaloo nyaka weminyaka.
- Ezinye iingcali zibonisa ukuba i-EQ ingabandakanyeka ngaphezu kwe-IQ. Iimvavanyo ze-IQ nazo zikwazi ukujongana nezinto ezifana nokuba unolwazi olunjani malunga nehlabathi elikujikelezayo kunye nendlela olungileyo ngayo ekuqondeni nasekulawuleni iimvakalelo. Ezinye iingcali, kubandakanywa nombhali uDaniel Goleman, zibonisa ukuba ingqiqo yeengqondo (edlalwa ngokuba yi-EQ) ingaba ibaluleke ngakumbi kune-IQ . Kwaye abaphandi baye bafumanisa ukuba ngelixa i-IQ ephakamileyo inokwenzela abantu imida kwiindawo ezininzi zobomi, ngokuqinisekileyo ayikho isiqinisekiso sokuphumelela kwimpilo .
ILizwi
Musa ukugxininisa ukuba awunayo " ingqondo " -ininzi yabantu ayinalo ingqondo . Endaweni yoko, abaninzi abantu bahlala kwindawo ethile kwinqanaba eli-15 lemilinganiselo ye-IQ.
Kanye nje ngokuba ne-IQ ephezulu ayiqinisekisi ukuba yimpumelelo, ukuba ne- IQ ephakathi okanye ephantsi ayiqinisekisi ukuhluleka okanye ukuxhomekeka. Ezinye izinto ezifana nokusebenza kanzima, ukunyamezela , ukunyamezela, kunye nesimo sengqondo esibaluleke kakhulu.
> Imithombo:
> Halpern, DF, et al. Inzululwazi yokungafani ngesondo kwisayensi kunye nemathematika. I-Psychol Sci Inxaxheba yoluntu. 2007; 8 (1): 1-51. i-doi: 10.1111 / j.1529-1006.2007.00032.x
> UJohsonson, W, U-Carothers, A, & Deary, IJ. Ukwahlukana ngokwezesondo ngokuhlukahluka kobulumko bobubanzi: Ukujonga ngokutsha umbuzo omdala. Iimpembelelo kwiNzululwazi yesayensi. 2008; 3 (6): 518-531. i-doi: 10.1111 / j.1745-6924.2008.00096.x
> Ramsden, S., Richardson, FM, Josse, G., Thomas, MSC, Ellis, C., Shakeshaft, C., Seghier, ML, & Price, CJ (2011). Ingqondo kunye nokungaxeli ngomlomo utshintsho kwingqondo yobutsha. Uhlobo. 2009; 479: 113-116. i-doi: 10.1038 / imvelo10514
> Rindermann, H. I-g-factor of comparisons yehlabathi jikelele: Ukulingana kweziphumo kwi-PISA, TIMSS, i-PIRLS kunye ne-IQ iimvavanyo kwiintlanga. I-European Journal yobuntu. 2007; 21 (6): 67-706. i-doi: 10.1002 / nge -634
> Schaffer, DR & Kipp, K. Uphuhliso lwezengqondo: Ubuntwana kunye noLutsha. EBelmont, CA: iWadsworth; 2010.