Uninzi lwethu luthanda ukukholelwa ukuba sinememori efanelekileyo. Ngokuqinisekileyo, sinokulibala apho sishiye khona izikhethi zethu zeemoto ngexesha elithile kwaye kunjalo, sonke sikhohliwe igama lomntu, inombolo ebalulekileyo yefowuni, okanye mhlawumbi nosuku lomtshato.
Kodwa xa kuziwa ekukhunjuleni izinto ezibalulekileyo, njengesiqhelo esibuncwaneni somntwana, iinkumbulo zethu zichanileyo kwaye zithembeke, kunjalo?
Ngexesha esingafanisa iinkumbulo zethu kwikhamera, silondoloze yonke imzuzu ngcaciso ecacileyo njengoko kwenzekayo, into edidekileyo kukuba iikhunju zethu zifana ne-collage, zihlangane kunye ngezinye iinkqubo ngokukhawuleza kunye ne-embellishment okanye ngeyona nto.
Uphando olutsha luye lunceda ekuboniseni indlela inkumbulo yomntu engapheliyo ngayo. Sinoyiko ngokukrakra, kwaye iziphakamiso ezifihlakeleyo zinokukhumbuza iinkolelo zamanga . Okumangalisa kukuba, abantu abanememori ekhethekileyo bayakwazi ukwenza izinto ngaphandle kokuyiqonda.
Olunye uvavanyo oludumileyo olwenziwe ngo-1994, u- Elizabeth Loftus owaziwayo kwimemori wayenako ukufumana ama-25 ekhulwini yabathathi-nxaxheba bakhe ukuba bakholelwe imemori engamanga abaye balahlekelwa yinto yokuthengisa njengomntwana. Olunye u-2002 uphando lubonisa ukuba isiqingatha sabathathi-nxaxheba sinokukhokelwa ekukholweni ngokungekho nto ukuba babekhe bathatha ibhola yokutshisa ibhola njengomntwana nje ngokubakhombisa umfanekiso obonakalisiweyo "ubungqina."
Ininzi yexesha, ezi zikhumbuzo ezingamanga zijoliswe kwizinto ezingenakwenzeka okanye ezingenakwenzeka. Imicimbi elula, yemihla ngemihla enemiphumo embalwa.
Kodwa ngamanye amaxesha iinkumbulo ezingamanga zinokuba nemiphumo emibi okanye eyingozi. Inkumbulo engamanga echazwe ngexesha lobubungqina bokuba ulwaphulo-mthetho lingakhokelela ekubeni umntu ongenatyala unetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho.
Ngokucacileyo, inkumbulo yamanga inokuthi ibe yinkinga enkulu, kodwa kutheni le nkumbulo engalunganga ifom?
Ukuqonda okungalunganga
Umbono wobuntu awufezekanga. Ngamanye amaxesha sibona izinto ezingekho kwaye sizilahle izinto ezicacileyo eziphambi kwethu. Kwiimeko ezininzi, iinkumbulo ezingamanga kuba ulwazi alufakwe ngekhowudi ngokufanelekileyo kwindawo yokuqala. Umzekelo, umntu unokubona ingozi kodwa engaboni kakuhle into eyenzekayo. Ukubalisa iziganeko ezenzekayo kunokuba nzima okanye kungenakwenzeka kuba bengabonanga zonke iinkcukacha. Ngenxa yoko, ingqondo yomntu ingagcwalisa "ikhefu" ngokwenza izikhumbuzo ezingakhange zenzeke.
Ukungena
Kwezinye iimeko, iinkumbulo ezindala kunye namava ancintisana nolwazi olutsha. Ngamanye amaxesha kunemikhumbuzo endala ephazamisa okanye eguqula izinkumbulo zethu ezintsha, kwaye kwezinye iimeko, ulwazi olutsha lunokwenza kube nzima ukukhumbula ulwazi olugcinwe ngaphambili. Njengoko sihlaziya ulwazi oludala kunye kunye, ngezinye izihlandlo okanye ikhefu kwimemori yethu. Iingqondo zethu zizama ukuzalisa izikhala ezingekho, ngokuqhelekileyo usebenzisa ulwazi lwangoku kunye neenkolelo okanye okulindelekileyo.
Ngokomzekelo, unokukhumbula ngokucacileyo ukuba unobani kunye nento oyenzayo ngexesha lokuhlaselwa kwabangqongqangi ngo-9/11.
Nangona mhlawumbi uvakalelwa njengezikhumbuzo zakho zeso siganeko zichanekile kakuhle, kukho ithuba elinamandla kakhulu lokuba izikhumbuzo zakho ziye zachaphazela ukuhanjiswa kweendaba kunye neendaba malunga nokuhlaselwa. Le ngcaciso entsha inokukhuphisana neememori zakho ezikhoyo zeso siganeko okanye zizalise iingcambu ezingekho phantsi kolwazi.
Imizwa
Ukuba uye wazama ukukhumbula iinkcukacha zesiganeko esithweswe umzwelo (umzekelo, ingxabano, ingozi, unyango olungxamisekileyo lwezempilo), mhlawumbi uyaqonda ukuba iimvakalelo zingonakalisa imemori yakho. Ngamanye amava uvakalelo olunamandla lunokuba nolwazi olukhunjulwayo, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha kunokukhokelela ekukhumbuleni okungahambi kakuhle.
Abaphandi baye bafumanisa ukuba abantu banamathuba okukhumbula iziganeko ezinxulumene nemvakalelo enamandla, kodwa ukuba iinkcukacha zezo zikhumbuzo zisoloko zisola. Ukubuyisela iziganeko ezibalulekileyo kunokukhokelela kwinkolelo yamanga ngokuchaneka kwememori.
Olunye u-2008 uphando lwafumanisa ukuba iimvakalelo ezimbi, ngokukodwa, zazikhokelela ekubunjweni kweenkolelo zamanga. Ezinye iziphumo zicebise ukuba le miphumo yememori yamanga ayinanto engaphantsi kwimiba engathandekiyo kwaye eninzi ukuyenza ngamanqanaba okuvusa. Uphononongo luka-2007 lufumene ukuba iinkumbulo ezingamanga zaziqheleke kakhulu kwixesha lokuphakama okuphakamileyo kunamaxesha okuvuswa okuphantsi, kungakhathaliseki ukuba isimo sengqondo sasihle, sibi okanye singathathi hlangothi.
I ngcaciso
Ngamanye amaxesha ulwazi oluchanileyo luxutyaniswa nolwazi oluchanekileyo, oluya kuphazamisa zethu iinkumbulo zeziganeko. ULoftus uye wafunda iinkumbulo zamanga ukususela ngowe-1970 kunye nomsebenzi wakhe uye wabonisa imiphumo emibi engayinayo ingcaciso engafanelekanga kwimemori. Kwiingxelo zakhe, abathathi-nxaxheba baboniswa imifanekiso yengozi yendlela. Xa bebuzwa malunga nomcimbi emva kokubona imifanekiso, abadliwano-ndlebe babequka imibuzo ehamba phambili okanye ulwazi olukhohlisayo. Xa abathathi-nxaxheba bavavanywa kamva kwimemori yabo yengozi, abo babesondla ulwazi olulahlekisa babekho amathuba okuba bakhumbule amanga.
Impembelelo enokubaluleka kwesi siphumo sengcaciso ingabonwa lula kummandla wobulungisa bobugebengu, apho iimpazamo zingachaza ngokoqobo umahluko phakathi kokuphila nokufa. I-Brainerd neReyna (2005) ibonisa ukuba ukukhunjulwa kwamanga ngexesha lokuphenywa kwenkqubo kubangelwa yikholwa lobuxoki.
Ukuxhatshazwa
Ngaba uye wadibanisa neenkcukacha zendaba enye kunye neenkcukacha zenye? Ngokomzekelo, ngelixa utshela umngane ngeholide yakho yokugqibela ungaphinda uxele ngento eyenzeka kwikhefu owathatha iminyaka emininzi edlulileyo. Lo ngumzekelo wendlela ukuxhatshazwa kwe-misatt kungenza ngayo iinkumbulo ezingamanga. Oku kungabandakanya ukudibanisa iziganeko ezahlukileyo kwiibali elihambelanayo, ukuziphatha kakubi apho ufumene inkqutyana ethile yolwazi, okanye ukhumbule iziganeko ezicatshulwa ukususela ebuntwaneni bakho kwaye ukholelwa ukuba zinyani.
Ukulandelelana okubi
Xa senza imemori, asisoloko sigxila kwiinkcukacha ze-nitty-graritty kwaye sikhumbule ingcamango jikelele yenzekile. Ukulandelelana kweengcamango ezibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba ngamanye amaxesha senza umkhondo wezenzakalo kunye nezinye izihlandlo zenza umkhondo kuphela. Iimpawu zentetho zisekelwe kwiziganeko zangempela njengoko zenzeke ngokwenene, ngelixa iinjongo zengqondo zijoliswe kwiinguqulelo zethu. Oku kuchaza njani iinkumbulo zobuxoki? Ngamanye amaxesha indlela esichaza ulwazi ayibonakali ngokuchanekileyo oko kwenzeka ngokwenene. Ezi ziguquko zeemeko zingakhokelela kwimimbulelo yamanga yeemeko zangaphambili.
Iingcamango Zokugqibela
Nangona abaphandi beqhubeka befunda ngakumbi malunga neendlela ezenziwa ngayo imemori engamanga, kuyacaca ukuba imemori yamanga yinto enokuthi iyenze malunga nabani na. Ezi zikhumbuzo zinokuvela kwizinto ezincinci ukuya kutshintsha ubomi, ukusuka kwiphakathi ukuya kwingozi.
"Phantse iminyaka engamashumi amabini yophando ekuphambukeni kwememori kushiya ngokungathandabuzekiyo ukuba imemori ingatshintshwa ngokucetyiswa," kubhala uLoftus noChikkerell kwinqaku le-1995. "Abantu banokukhokelwa ukuba bakhumbule zabo zangaphambili ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kwaye banokukhokelwa ukuba bakhumbule iziganeko ezize zenzeke kuzo. qhubela phambili ukuchaza iinkcukacha ngeenkcukacha ngokubanzi. Ezi ziphumo zikhanyisa kwiimeko apho kukho iinkumbulo ezingamanga zigcinwe ngokunyanisekileyo - njengokuba abantu bekhumbula izinto eziphilayo okanye ezingenakwenzeka. "
> Imithombo:
> Brainerd, CJ, Reyna, VF, & Ceci, SJ (2008). Ukuguqulwa koPhuhliso kwiNkumbulo engamanga: Ukuhlaziywa kweenkcukacha kunye neNkcazelo. I-Psychological Bulletin, 134 (3), 343-382.
> Brainerd, CJ, & Reyna, VF (2005). Inzululwazi yeNkohlakalo yamanga. ENew York: i-Oxford University Press.
> Brainerd, CJ, Stein, LM, Silveira, RA, Rohenkohl, G., & Reyna, VF (2008). Umoya Ongathandekiyo Wenza Njani Imemori Engamanga? I-Psychological Science, 19 (9), 919-925. i-doi: 10.1111 / j.1467-9280.2008.02177.x.
> Corson, Y. & Verrier, N. (2007). Iimvakalelo kunye nezikhumbuzo zamanga: iValence okanye i-Arousal? Iingcali zengqondo, 18 (3), 208-211.
> Dingfelder, SF (2005). Iimvakalelo ezihambayo kwiMemori. Ukujonga kwi-Psychology, 36 (8), 54.
> Loftus, EF & Pickrell, JE (1995) Ukuqulunqwa kwezikhumbuzo ezingamanga. Izikhumbuzo zeengqondo , ii-25, 720-725.