Ukujonga Kwangoku kwiSifundo se-Terman seMifanekiso
Nangona kunokuba kungokwemvelo ukucinga ukuba abantu abane-IQ eziphezulu kakhulu banekhono lokuphumelela, umfanekiso udla ngokuthengiswa kuthi ngefilimu, iTV, kunye nefantasy. Ukusuka kuJay Gatsby kwi-"Great Gatsby" ukuya kwi-Lex Luthor kwii-Comics zee-Superman, sesifikile ukudibanisa nokuba nobutyebi obukhulu kakhulu.
Nangona uMongameli uDonald Trump uthi ungo-IQ "ngowona ophakamileyo" kwi-tweet epapashwe ngokukhawuleza ngo-2013, ebonisa ukuba ubutyebi bakhe buhlanganiswe nengqondo yakhe.
Kodwa kubo bonke abantu esibachazela njenge "genius," ukusuka eJeff Zuckerberg ukuya kwiSteve Jobs, baninzi nje abafana noNobel Prize ofureate uJohn Nash (wegama elithi "Ingqungquthela Yengqondo") kunye nomzululwazi u-Kurt Gödel oye wabandezeleka ngokugula ngengqondo kwaye zintlungu.
Xa udibanisa iinombolo ezinzima, ngaba kukho ubungqina bokwenene bokuthi i-IQ inokuqikelela into ethile malunga nokuphila komntu wokuphumelela, nokuba ngaba yimali, imfundo okanye ubuchule?
Ukuqonda iimvavanyo ze-IQ
Iimvavanyo zokuqala ze-IQ zenzelwe ukuchonga abantwana besikolo abadinga uncedo olongezelelweyo lwezemfundo. Ngethuba lexesha, loo njongo yaphengulwa, kwaye iimvavanyo zatshintshwa ngokukhawuleza zibe yindlela yokuchonga abantu abaneengqondo eziphezulu kunomyinge.
Kuvavanyo olulinganiselweyo, olufana novavanyo lweStanford-Binet, umlinganiselo we-IQ wesilinganiso ngowama-100. Nayiphi into engaphezu kwe-140 ithathwa njenge - IQ ephezulu okanye ye- genius-level . Kuqikelelwa ukuba phakathi kwe-0.25 yepesenti kunye ne-1.0 ekhulwini labantu bawela kule nqanaba elincinane.
Isifundo se-Terman se-Gifted
Xa kufika uvavanyo lwe-IQ, umphandi waqalisa ukuhlola ukuba ngaba iimvavanyo eziphezulu ziphazamise nantoni na engaphezulu kwempumelelo yomfundi.
Ekugqibeleni, ngasekuqaleni kwee-1920, isazi sengqondo sengqondo uLee Terman saqalisa ukuphanda iingqondo zengqondo kunye nentlalo yentlalo yabantwana abane-level IQ yengqondo.
Ukusekela isifundo sakhe eCalifornia, u-Terman wakhetha abantwana abayi-1,500 abaneminyaka eli-8 ukuya kwe-12 abaye kunye ne-IQ engama-150.
Kwiminyaka embalwa ezayo, i-Terman yaqhubeka ilandelela abantwana kwaye yafumanisa ukuba abaninzi babenoluntu kwaye balungiswa kakuhle. Abazange baphumelele ngokwezemfundo, babehlala bephilile, banamandla, baninzi, kwaye bangaphantsi kweengozi esichengeni ngaphezu kwesethi ehambelana nezingane ezine-IQ eziqhelekileyo.
Emva kokufa kukaToman ngowe-1956, ezinye izazi zengqondo zagqiba ukuqhubela phambili uphando, zithi i-Terman Study ye-Gifted. Uphononongo luyaqhubeka nanamhla kwaye luqhubela phambili olude kakhulu oluqhubekayo kwizifundo .
Ukulungelelaniswa koBulumko kunye nokuPhumelela
Phakathi kwabafundi abathile bokuqala be-Terman study wayeyaziwa ngumlobi wezengqondo wezemfundo u-Lee Chronbach, "Ndiyamthanda uLucy" umbhali uJess Oppenheimer, ingcali yengqondo yengqondo uRobert Sears, isazi senzululwazi u-Ancel Keys, kunye nabanye abangaphezu kwama-50 abaye baba ngamalungu emfundo kwiikholeji nakwiiyunivesithi. Xa ukhangela iqela lilonke, i-Terman yabika:
- Umvuzo osemyingeni wezifundo ze-Terman ngo-1955 yayiyimali engama-33,000 engama-33,000 xa kuthelekiswa nomyinge wesizwe ka-5,000.
- Iibini ezithathu zafumana iikoleji zeekholeji, ngelixa inani elikhulu liye lafumana ukufumana ama-degree e-post-graduate. Uninzi lwaba bebegqirha, amagqwetha, abaphathi bezoshishino kunye nososayensi.
Njengamangalisa njengoko ezi ziphumo zibonakala, iindaba eziyimpumelelo zibonakala zingaphezulu kwelo mthetho. Ngokwakhe uvavanyo, i-Terman yathi ininzi yezifundo zenza umsebenzi "njengobunyanisekileyo njengawo mapolisa, umlindi, umgcini kunye nomabhalana wokufakela" kwaye ekugqibeleni waphetha ukuba "ingqiqo kunye nokuphumelela akude kulungelelanise."
Ubuntu kunye neMpumelelo
Umphandi uMelita Oden, owaqhuba uphando lukaToman emva kokufa kwakhe, wagqiba ekubeni athelekise izifundo eziyi-100 eziphumeleleyo (iQela A) ukuya kwi-100 engaphumelelanga (iCandelo C). Ngoxa babesenokuba ngamanqanaba afanayo nee-IQ, abo beCandelo C kuphela bafumana imali engaphezulu kwerhafu yengeniso yexesha kwaye banamazinga aphezulu okusela utywala kunye nokuqhawula umtshato kunabantu abathile kwiQela A.
Ngokutsho kuka-Oden, ukungafani kwachazwa, ngokubanzi, ngokweempawu zeengqondo zeqela. Abo beqela le-A bavame ukubonakalisa "ubulumko kunye nokucinga kwangaphambili, amandla , ukunyamezela, kunye nomnqweno wokugqwesa." Ngaphezu koko, njengabantu abadala, babonisa iimpawu ezintathu eziphambili ezingabonakali kwiinkalo ezininzi zeCandelo C: ukujoliswa kwinjongo, ukuzithemba, nokunyamezela.
Oku kuphakamisa ukuba, ngelixa i-IQ inokudlala indima ekuphumeleleni empilweni, iimpawu zobuntu zihlala ziyimpawu ezenza ukuba uphumelele.
Iingcaciso zeSifundo seNkcazo
Nangona ukufunyaniswa kweso sifundo seCotan kwakunyanzelekile, bahlala begxeka ngenxa yokungabandakanyi izinto ezinokuba negalelo kwimpumelelo yomntu okanye ukuhluleka. Oku kwakuquka impembelelo yoKuCaluleka okukhulu kweMfazwe yehlabathi II kwimpumelelo yomfundi kunye nezopolitiko ezithintekayo kwezobulili ezinciphisa iingcali zobungcali babasetyhini.
Abanye abaphandi baye bathetha ukuba nayiphi na iqela elikhethiweyo labantwana abaneemvelaphi ezifanayo liza kuphumelela njengezifundo zangaphambili ze-Terman.
Oko Okusixelelayo
Enye into yokuba iIQ izikolo zikwazi ukuqikelela ngokuqinisekileyo kukuba yimpumelelo yomfundi esikolweni. Oko akuchaziyo kukuba umntu uya kuphumelela emsebenzini okanye ebomini ngenxa yezo manani. Kwezinye iimeko, kunokwenzeka ukuba yinto echaseneyo.
Enyanisweni, uphando oluthile lucebise ukuba abantwana abanezakhono zemfundo ezingaqhelekanga banokuxhomekeka ngakumbi xa bexinekile kunye nokuzihlukanisa kwezentlalo ngaphandle koontanga abangenanto. Omnye wafumanisa ukuba abantu abane-IQ ephakamileyo banokuthi bashiye umgqomo kwaye basebenzise iziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni. Enye inkcazo yolu, ngokutsho kwabaphandi, yayiyimpawu yobuntu eyaziwayo njengevulekile ukufumana amava.
Uvulo luphawu olususa ekuthintela izithintelo ezingenazo izinto eziza kuthintela umntu kwiimeko ezinokuthathwa njengento engavumelekanga kuluntu. Ngaphezu koko, ihambelana ngokukodwa ngokuklama, ubuhlakani kunye nolwazi. Ngokwahlukileyo, kuvaliwe ukuba namava kunxulumene nokuqhelekileyo, ukuziphatha kwendabuko, kunye nemilinganiselo emincinane.
Nangona abaphandi beqhubeka bexubusha uphando lwe-Terman, abaninzi banokuvumelana malunga nokufumanisa okubalulekileyo: ukuba ngoxa iingcaphephe zingabonisa ukuba uphumelele, ukuzalisekisa loo nto ifuna izakhono kunye neempawu ezingenakulinganisa uvavanyo lwe-IQ.
> Imithombo:
> Connelly, B .; Ngabo, D ..; kunye noChernyshenko, O. "Ukuzisa iSigaba esikhethekileyo kwi-Openness Experiences: Ukuhlaziywa kweeNkcazo zeRhafu, iMilinganiselo kunye neNomological Net." J Uvavanyo lwaBantu . 2014; 96 (1): 1-16. INGXELO: 10.1080 / 00223891.2013.830620.
> Terman, L. (1925). Iimpawu Zengqondo Neziqhamo Zamawaka Azintlwana. I-Genetic Studies of Genius Volume 1. I- Stanford, eCalifornia: I-Stanford University Press.
> Terman. UL. no-Oden, M. (1959.) Ucwaningo lwe-genetic of genius. Vol. V. Unesipho esiphakathi kobomi: Iminyaka emashumi amathathu anesihlanu ukulandelelana komntwana ophezulu. Stanford, eCalifornia: I-Stanford University Press.
> Weismann-Arcache, C. kunye noTordjman, S. "Ubudlelwane phakathi koxinzelelo kunye nobuchule obuphezulu beNgqiqo." Uxinezelelo lweMpilo. 2012; nqaku 567376. INGXELO: 10.1155 / 2012/567376.