Kutheni i-Phrenology ngoku iCatshulwa njengeNzululwazi
Ingaba i-bump emva kwekhanda lakho inika inkcazelo ebomini bakho ngaphakathi? Le ngcamango yayingumxholo oyintloko kwintsimi yesayensi eyaziwa ngokuba yi- phrenology , isiyalo esabandakanya ukudibanisa iingxube kwiintloko zomntu kwiinkalo ezithile zobuntu bomntu kunye nomlingiswa wakhe.
Masiqwalasele ngokukodwa indlela u-phrenology ekhoyo ngayo, ukuphakama kwawo ekuthandeni, kunye neempembelelo zawo kwizengqondo.
Imbali emfutshane yeFrenology
I-Phrenology yenziwa ngumgqirha waseJamani ogama linguFranz Joseph Gall ngasekupheleni kwe-1700. I-Gall yaqaphela ukuba i -cortex ye- cerebral yabantu yayinkulu kunaleyo yezilwanyana, awayekholelwa kukuba yintoni eyenza abantu bahlonipheke. Ekugqibeleni, waqiniseka ukuba izinto ezibonakalayo ze-cortex nazo ziyabonakala kwimeko kunye nobungakanani bekrele. Ngamanye amazwi, wayekholelwa ukuba ukuphosa emkhatsini wengqondo kunokufunyanwa ngokuziva iimvenge ebusweni kwentloko yomntu.
Emva kokuvavanya iintloko zeqela elincinci le-pickpockets, iGall yafumanisa ukuba abaninzi babo babetha kwikhanda labo ngaphezu kweendlebe zabo. Emva koko waphakamisa ukuba i-bumps, indentations, kunye nesimo esiphezulu se-skull sinokudibaniswa kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zobuntu bomntu , umlingiswa, kunye namakhono akhe. Ngamabhola akhe amancinci, umzekelo, wacetyisa ukuba i-bump emva kweendlebe zabo yayixhomekeke kwisenzo sokuba, ukuxoka okanye ukukhohlisa.
Kwincwadi yakhe malunga nesifundo se-phrenology, uGall yacebisa ukuba:
- Izakhono zokuziphatha nezengqondo zazingenangqondo. Ngamanye amagama, abantu bazalwa ngokuziphatha kwabo kunye neengqondo. Ukuba wawungelasela, kungenxa yokuba uzalwe unomxholo wokukhohlisa.
- Ukusetyenziswa okanye ukubonakaliswa kwezi ziko kuxhomekeke kwimibutho yabo.
- Ingqondo ilawulwa zonke izipho, iimvakalelo, kunye nezixhobo.
- Ingqondo yaqulunqwa ngamalungu amaninzi njengoko kunamacandelo ahlukeneyo, ukulungelelanisa nokuvakalelwa.
- Ifom yekrele limelele kwaye ibonakalise ifom nokuphuhliswa kwezitho zeengqondo.
I-Gall yafuna ukuxhasa iingcamango zakhe ngokulinganisa iingqungquthela zabantu kwiintolongo, izibhedlele, kunye neendawo zokukhusela indawo, ingakumbi ezo zintloko ezingenangqondo. Ngokusekelwe kwinto ayifumeneyo, uGall yavelisa inkqubo ye-27 "amakhono" awayeyakholelwa ukuba ingafunyanwa ngqo ngokuvavanya iindawo ezithile zeentloko.
Kwakhona wadala ishati ebonisa ukuba yiziphi iindawo zekhane ezidibaniswe neempawu ezithile okanye iimpawu ezithile.
Ama-27 "amaCandelo" kwi-Phrenology
Ngoko yintoni i-Gall yama-27 amaqondo? Olu luhlu lulandelayo luyabhalela abo awathatyayo, elowo ayekholelwa ngalo lihambelana nommandla othile entloko.
- Izilwanyana ezizalisayo
- Uthando lomntwana
- Uthando no buhlobo
- Ukuzikhusela, isibindi nokulwa
- Ukubulawa kobuthakathaka
- Ukholo, ubunzima; buchule
- Ukuqonda impahla; ukutyeba
- Ukuqhayisa, ukuzingca, ukuzikhukhumeza, ukuthanda igunya, ubuqili
- Ukungabi nantoni, ukulangazelela, ukuthanda uzuko
- Ukuxutywa, ukucinga kwangaphambili
- Ubungqina bokufundiswa
- Ukuqonda kwendawo kunye nendawo
- Ukukhunjulwa kwabantu
- Imemori yomlomo
- Ukwazi ulwimi
- Umqondo wembala
- Ingqiqo ye talente yesandi kunye nomculo
- Ubuchule beMathematika
- Buchule
- Ukuqhathaniswa
- IMetaphysics
- Satire kunye nobungqina
- I talente
- U bubele; mfesane; novelwano; yokuziphatha
- Ukuxelisa nokulinganisa
- Ukholo
- Ukunyamezela, ukuqina
Iingxaki ngeGall's Phrenology
Nangona kunjalo, iindlela zeGall zazingenamsebenzi wobunzululwazi kwaye wakhetha ukungahoywa naluphi na ubungqina obuphikisana nezimvo zakhe. Nangona kunjalo, i-phrenology yaba yinto ethandwa kakhulu ukusuka kuma-1800 ukuya ngasekuqaleni kwe-1900.
Ukuba ikhanda lakho lihlolwe yi-phrenologist yinto ethandwa kakhulu ngexesha le-Victorian kwaye lahlala lithandwa kakhulu nangona emva kokuba ubungqina beqala ukulwa neengcamango zikaGall.
Iingcamango zeGall zafumana abaninzi abalandeli, kodwa waqala ukutsala ukugxeka kwizenzululwazi kunye namanye amaqela. Icawa yamaKatolika yayikholelwa ukuba isiluleko sakhe esithi "inkolo yonqulo" yayingakholelwa kuThixo, kwaye ngo-1802, iimpapasho zakhe zongezwa kwiNkcazo yeZincwadi ezinqatshelwe .
Emva kokufa kukaGall ngo-1828, abalandeli bakhe abaningana baqhubeka nokuhlakulela i-phrenology, bethatha kwi-Gall imizamo yesayensi kwizinto ezithile zehlelo. Izikhombisi ze-Phrenology nazo zaqala ukubonakalisa rhoqo kwiinkcubeko ezaziwayo.
Nangona i-phrenology ithandwa ngokukhawuleza, ekugqibeleni yayijongwa njengengcali yeengcali ezifana nokufundwa kweenkwenkwezi, ukubhaliswa kwezibalo kunye nesigqubuthelo. Ukugxeka abanye abaphandi abaphengululi beengqondo baphatha indima ebalulekileyo kule nto yokuguqulwa kweembono ezidumileyo zobuqhetseba.
Ngo-1843, uPerre Flourens wafumanisa ukuba ukucinga okubalulekileyo kwimiba-mveliso - ukuba intambo yekrele ihambelana nombono ongaphantsi wengqondo-yayingalunganga. Kwi- Elementary Treatise yePhysics Physiology , isazi sezinto eziphilayo uPhilicois Magendie sigxininise ukugxothwa kwakhe kwe-phrenology ngokubhala:
I-Phrenology, i- pseudo-science yesimo samhla; njengokwenkwenkwezi, ukuxhamla, kunye ne-alchemy yexesha langaphambili, lizenza ukuba lenze ingqondo kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zememori. Kodwa iinzame zaso zizimvo nje, ezingayi kubakho ukuhlolwa ngokukhawuleza.
Impembelelo yeFrenology
Nangona i-phrenology iye yaziwa ngokukhawuleza njengengcali yesazi, yayisize yenza inxaxheba ebalulekileyo kwintsimi ye-neurology. Ngenxa yokugxila kwi-phrenology, abaphandi baba nomdla ngakumbi kwingcamango ye-cortical localization, ingcamango ephakamisa ukuba imisebenzi ethile yengqondo ibekwe kwindawo ethile kwingqondo.
Ngoxa i-Gall kunye namanye ama-phrenologists akholelwa ngokungekho kakuhle ukuba ukugquma kwentloko kuhambelana nobuntu kunye nobuchule, bechanekile ekukholweni ukuba amakhono ahlukeneyo engqondo adibene neendawo ezahlukeneyo zobuchopho. Iindlela zophando zanamhlanje zivumela izenzululwazi ukuba zisebenzise izixhobo ezinzulu ezifana ne-MRI ne-PET zihlola ukuba zifunde ngakumbi malunga nokwenziwa komsebenzi ngaphakathi kwengqondo.
Imithombo:
Ukuqhafaza, RE Ababoneleli beengqondo. ENew York: WW Norton kunye neNkampani, Inc .; 1996.
Hothersall, D. Imbali yePhysics . ENew York: McGraw-Hill, Inc .; 1995.
Megendie, F. Inkcazo yeprayimari kwi-physiology yabantu. Harper kunye nabazalwana; 1855.