Ngaba amava atshintsha njani ubuchopho
I-plastic plastic, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-neuroplasityity, iyigama elibhekiselele ekukhuleni kwengqondo ukuguqula nokulungelelanisa ngenxa yemava. Xa abantu bethetha ukuba ingqondo iphethe iplastiki, ayifuni ukuba iingqondo zifana neplastiki. I-Neuro ibhekisela kuma-neurons, iiseli zesiswini eziyibhloko zokwakha kwengqondo kunye nenkqubo ye-nervous, kunye ne- plasticity ibhekisela ekungcoleni kwengqondo.
Imbali kunye noPhando ngeBrain Plasticity
Kuze kube ngama-1960, abaphandi babekholelwa ukuba utshintsho kwingqondo luya kwenzeka kuphela ngexesha lokusana kunye nobuntwana. Ngaphambi kokudala, kwakukholelwa ukuba isakhiwo sengqondo sasihlala sisigxina. Ucwaningo lwangoku luye lwabonisa ukuba ubuchopho buyaqhubeka nokudala iindlela ezintsha ze-neural kunye nokuguqula izinto ezikhoyo ukuze kulungelelaniswe namava amatsha, ufunde ulwazi olutsha, kwaye wenze izinto ezintsha.
U- William James wachaza ukuba ingqondo mhlawumbi ayinakutshintshe njengoko yayikholelwa ngaphambili ngo-1890. Wabhala wathi: "Incwadi yakhe ethi" Imigaqo Yeengqondo, "yabhala wathi," Into ebomvu, ingakumbi izicubu zesifo, ibonakala ibe neqondo elincinci leplastiki . " Nangona kunjalo, le ngcamango yagqithwa ngokuyininzi kwiminyaka emininzi.
Ngama-1920, umphandi uKarl Lashley wanikezela ubungqina beenguqu kwiindlela zokungena kwi-rhesus. Ngama-1960, abaphandi baqalisa ukuhlola iingxaki apho abantu abadala abadala abaye babulawa yimivimbo emikhulu bakwazi ukuphinda baphinde basebenze, kubonisa ukuba ingqondo yayingenakwenzeka ngakumbi kunokuba ikholelwa ngaphambili.
Abaphandi banamhlanje baye bafumana ubungqina bokuba ubuchopho buyakwazi ukuphinda ulandele ngokwabo umonakalo.
Izizathu Zokuba Ubunjani Bubonakala Njengezingaguqukiyo
Kwincwadi yakhe yokuguqula umhlaba "Ubungqina obutshintshayo: Iindaba zoLuntu oluPhumela kwiMida yeNzululwazi yeBongo," uNorman Doidge ubonisa ukuba le nkolelo yokuba ingqondo ayinako ukutshintshwa ngokuyinhloko ivela kwimithombo emithathu ephambili, kuquka:
- Inkolelo yamandulo yokuba ingqondo yayinjengomshini ongavamile, onokukwazi izinto ezintle kodwa ezingenakukwazi ukukhula kunye noshintsho.
- Ukuqwalasela ukuba abantu abaye babhekana nokulimala kwengqondo babesoloko bengakwazi ukubuyela.
- Ukungakwazi ukugcina izinto ezincinci zeengqondo zenza indima kwingcamango yokuba ingqondo ingqiniswanga.
Ngenxa yokuqhubela phambili kwezobugcisa zanamhlanje, abaphandi banako ukujonga okungekho ngaphambili-kubonakala kwindlela yokusebenza yangaphakathi yengqondo. Njengoko uphando lwe-neuroscience lwanamhlanje luchuma, abaphandi babonisa ukuba abantu abaphelelanga ngokwamandla abo engqondo abazalelwe kunye kwaye ubunzima obonakele bahlala bekwazi ukuguquka ngokuphawulekayo.
Ubunjani UbunjengePlastiki Busebenza
Ingqondo yomntu iqulethwe malunga nama-86 billion neurons . Abaphandi bokuqala babekholelwa ukuba i- neurogenesis , okanye ukudala i-neurons entsha, yayeka kungekudala emva kokuzalwa. Namhlanje, kuyaqondakala ukuba ubuchopho bunamandla okwenza ulungelelaniso lweendlela, ukudala ukudibanisa ezintsha, kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, kwakha i-neurons entsha.
Iinkalo ze-Neuroplasticity
Zikhona izinto ezimbalwa ezicacileyo ze-neuroplasticity, eziquka:
- Iyakwazi ukuhluka ngokudala. Nangona i-plasticity iqhubeka kuyo yonke ixesha lobomi, iintlobo ezithile zenguqu zininzi kakhulu kwixesha elide lobomi. Ingqondo itshintsha utshintsho olukhulu kwiminyaka yokuqala yobomi, umzekelo, njengoko ubuchopho obuncinane bukhula kwaye buzicwangcisa. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ubuchopho abancinci bavame ukuba bavelele kwaye baphendule kumava kunokobudala obudala.
- Iquka iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo. Iiplastiki iyaqhubekayo ebomini kwaye iquka amangqamuzana engqondo ngaphandle kwee- neurons , kuquka neeseli ze-glial kunye neeseli.
- Kungenzeka ngezizathu ezimbini ezahlukeneyo. I-Plasticity ingenzeka ngenxa yokufunda, amava kunye nokubunjwa kwememori, okanye ngenxa yomonakalo kwengqondo. Ngelixa abantu bebakholelwa ukuba ubuchopho buye buyilwa emva kweminyaka ethile, uphando olutsha luye lwabonisa ukuba ingqondo ayiyekanga ukutshintsha ekuphenduleni ekufundeni. Kwimimandla yomonakalo kwingqondo, njengengqondo ngexesha le-stroke, indawo zeengqondo ezinxulumene nemisebenzi ethile zingonakaliswe. Ekugqibeleni, iinxalenye eziphilileyo zengqondo zingathatha loo mi sebenzi kwaye ubuchule buya kubuyiselwa.
- Ingqongileyo ibambe indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo. I-Genetics ingaba nefuthe. Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwendalo kunye ne-genetics kudlala indima ekubunzeni i-plasticity yengqondo.
- Ubungqina beplastiki ye-Brain abuhlali buhle. Iinguqulelo zobomi zidlalwa njengezinto eziphuculweyo, kodwa oku akunjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Kwamanye amaxesha, ingqondo ingatshitshiswa kwizinto ezisengqondweni okanye kwiimeko zokuhlala ezinokubangela ukuba kube nemiphumo emibi kwiingqondo nokuziphatha.
Iintlobo zeBrain Plasticity
Kukho ezimbini iintlobo ze-neuroplasticity, eziquka:
- I-plasticity esebenzayo: Ubungqina bobuchopho bokuhambisa imisebenzi ukusuka kwindawo eyonakalisiweyo yengqondo ukuya kwezinye iindawo ezingaphazamiseki.
- Ubungcali beplastiki: Ubungqina bobuchopho bokwenza utshintsho lwesakhiwo salo njengesiphumo sokufunda.
Indlela Yethu Ubuntshintsho
Iminyaka embalwa yokuqala yobomi bomntwana lixesha lokukhula kwengqondo ngokukhawuleza. Ekuzalweni, yonke i-neuron kwikorteksi ye-cerebral iqikelelwe ngama-synapses ayi-2,500; ngeli minyaka emithathu, le nombolo ikhule ibe yi-synapses engama-15,000 nge-neuron.
Umyinge omdala, nangona kunjalo, unalo malunga nesiqingatha inani leedapapses. Ngoba? Ngenxa yokuba sifumana amava amatsha, ukuxhamla kwezinye ukuqiniswa xa abanye bepheliswa. Le nkqubo iyaziwa njenge-synaptic izihlahla. I-Neurons esetyenziswayo rhoqo ikwazi ukuqhagamshelana ngokuqinileyo kunye nalawo angabonakaliyo okanye angasetyenziswanga ekugqibeleni afe. Ngokuphuhlisa ukudibanisa ezintsha kunye nokunciphisa ababuthathaka, ingqondo iyakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nokusingqongileyo.
> Imithombo:
> Doidge N. Ubungqina Obuguqula: Iindaba Zezobuqu Zomntu Ukusuka Kwiimida Zenzululwazi ZeBongo. ENew York: iViking; 2007.
> UJames W. Imigaqo yeengqondo. Iiklasiki kwi-History of Psychology. CD ehlaza, ed. 1890.
> Kolb B, Gibb R. Brain Iiplastiki kunye nokuziphatha kwi-Brain Developing. UClake M, uGhali L, ii-eds. Umbhalo we-Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry . 2011; 20 (4): 265-276.
> Hockenbury SE, Nolan SA, Hockenbury D. Ukufumanisa i-Psychology. Wesi-7. ENew York, NY: AbaPapasho Abaxabisekileyo; 2016.
> Hoiland E. Brain Plasticity: Kuyini? Chudler EH, ed. Neuroscience for Kids. Yunivesithi yaseWashington.