Ukuqonda iZakhelo ezisetyenziselwa ukuvavanya i-Hypothesis
Kukho iindlela ezahlukahlukeneyo zophando , ngasinye sinamathuba afanelekileyo kunye neentsilelo. Lowo usosayensi ukhetha ngokuxhomekeka ngokukodwa ngenjongo yesifundo kunye nohlobo lwento efundwayo.
Uyilo lophando lunikeza isakhelo esimiselweyo ukuvavanya ingcinga kunye nokuvavanya ukuba i-hypothesis yayilungile, ayilunganga, okanye ayifanelekanga.
Nangona i-hypothesis ayiyinyani, uphando lunokuhlala lubonelela ngeengcamango ezinokubaluleka okanye ukuhambisa uphando olutsha.
Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuqhuba uphando. Nazi ezinye eziqhelekileyo.
Uphando lweCandelo loPhando
Uphando olunqamlezileyo luquka ukujonga kumaqela ahlukeneyo abantu abaneempawu ezithile. Ngokomzekelo, umphandi unokuvavanya iqela labantu abadala kwaye alinganise idatha ehambelana neqela labantu abadala.
Inzuzo yolu hlobo lophando kukuba unokwenziwa ngokukhawuleza; Idatha yophando ihlanganiswe kwinqanaba elifanayo ngexesha. Ukungonakali kukuba uphando lujolise ekudibaniseni ubudlelane ngokuthe ngqo phakathi kwesizathu kunye nomphumo. Oku akusoloko kulula. Kwezinye iimeko, kunokubakho izinto eziphazamisayo ezifaka isandla.
Kule ndlela, ukuphononongwa kwamacandelo angaphantsi kunokubonisa ukuba iziphumo zesiphumo senzeke zombini ngokubhekiselele kumngcipheko omkhulu (ubunzima bezinto ezenzeka ngexesha elide) kunye nomngcipheko ongeyena (ubunzima bezinto ezenzeka kwelinye iqela xa kuthelekiswa kwelinye).
Uphando olude
Uphando olude luquka ukufunda iqela elinye labantu ngexesha elide. Idatha iqokelelwa ekuqaleni kweso sifundo kwaye iqokelelwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngexesha lokufunda. Kwezinye iimeko, izifundo ezide zingaphila iminyaka emininzi okanye ziphela.
Omnye umzekelo nguSifundo seSigxina se-Gifted esaqala ngawo-1920 kwaye siqhubeka nanamhlanje.
Inzuzo yalolu uphando olude luvumela ukuba baphandi bajonge utshintsho kwixesha. Ngokwahlukileyo, enye yezinto ezingekho phantsi kweyona nto ilahlekile. Ngenxa yendleko yocwaningo lwexesha elide, bavame ukuvalelwa kwiqela elincinci lezifundo okanye kwintsimi encinci yokujonga.
Nangona kutyhilwa, ukufundiswa kwexesha elide kunzima ukufaka isicelo kubantu abaninzi. Enye ingxaki kukuba abathathi-nxaxheba banokuthi baphumele emkhatsini wokufunda, ukunciphisa ubungakanani besampula kunye nezigqibo ezihambelanayo. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba ezinye iimeko zingaphandle kweenguqu zenkqubela ngexesha lokufunda (kubandakanywa nezomnotho, ezopolitiko kunye nesayensi), zinokuchaphazela iziphumo ngendlela ephawulekayo kwiziphumo.
Sazibonela ngokufunda kwi-Terman apho ulungelelaniso phakathi kwe-IQ kunye nokuphumelela lwalunyanzeliswa yimpembelelo enjenge-Great Depression kunye neMfazwe Yehlabathi II (ekufunyanwe kwemfundo engaphelelanga) kunye nezopolitiko zentlalo ye-1940 neye-1950. .
Uphando loLuntu
Uphando olunxulumeneyo lujolise ekuboneni ukuba enye inotsingiselo inomlinganiselo onokulinganiswa nomnye.
Kulolu hlobo lwesifundo esingahlolisanga, abaphandi bajonga ubudlelwane phakathi kwezimbini eziguqukileyo kodwa bengabonakali eziguqukayo ngokwabo. Kunoko, baqokelela kwaye bavavanye idatha efumanekayo kwaye banikele ngesigqibo sokugqibela.
Ngokomzekelo, abaphandi banokujonga ukuba impumelelo yesikolo esikolweni esiprayimari ikhokelela kwimisebenzi ehlawula kakuhle kwixesha elizayo. Nangona abaphandi baqokelela kwaye bavavanya idatha, abayikusebenzisa nayiphi na into ekhoyo.
Ucwaningo oluhambelanayo luyiluncedo ukuba awukwazi ukulawula uguquko kuba kungenakwenzeka, kungenakwenzeka, okanye kakubi.
Nangona ungangenisa, umzekelo, ukuba ukuhlala kwimeko enomsindo kwenza ukuba usebenze kangangoko kwindawo yokusebenzela, bekungeke kwenzeke kwaye kungenangqiqo ukufaka into eguquguqukayo.
Uphando olunxibelelwano lubonisa ukulinganiselwa kwalo. Nangona ingasetyenziselwa ukuchonga ubudlelwane, akuthethi ukuba ibangele isizathu. Ngenxa yokuba iinguqu ezimbini zinobudlelwane aluthetha ukuba utshintsho kwenye luya kuthintela utshintsho kwenye.
Uvavanyo
Ngokungafani nophando lwe-correlation, ukuzama ukuquka ukusetyenziswa kunye nokulinganisa kwezinto eziguqukayo . Lo mzekelo wophando ngowona uphando oluchanekileyo lwezesayensi kwaye oluqhelekileyo lisetyenziselwa ukwelapha, i-chemistry, i-psychology, i-biology kunye noluntu.
Uphando lwezovavanyo lusebenzisa ukunyanzelisa ukuqonda isizathu nesiphumo kwisampuli zezifundo. Isampuli iqulethwe ngamaqela amabini: iqela lokulinga apho okungafaniyo (njengelibisi okanye unyango) liqaliswa kunye neqela lokulawula okungafani nalo. Ukugqiba amaqela esampulu kunokwenziwa ngeendlela ezininzi:
- Isampula-sampula yoluntu apho izifundo zimela abantu abathile
- I-randomization apho izifundo zikhethiweyo ngokukhawuleza ukuba zibone ukuba imiphumo yezinto eziguquguqukayo iyenziwa ngokuqhubekayo
Nangona ixabiso lokulinganisa lovavanyo lokuhlola liqinile, yinto enye engaphumeleliyo inokuthi ibe yintlupheko yokuqinisekisa . Yilapho umphenyi umnqweno wokushicilela okanye ukufezekisa umphumo ongenakulinganiswa unokukwazi ukuguqulwa, okukhokelela kwisiphethiso esifanelekileyo.
Enye indlela yokugwema oku kukuqhuba isifundo esiphindwe kabini , apho abathathi-nxaxheba okanye abaphandi abazi ukuba yiliphi iqela elilawulayo. Icandelo elilawulwa ngoluhlu oluphangaleleyo (RCT) libhekwa njengesigangatho segolide sophando.