Izinto ezinobungozi obuphezulu kwiNtsholongwane yobuthathaka obuncinane, i-CASA ithi
Kutheni abanye abatsha bebandakanya ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi xa abanye bengenzi? Ziziphi iimeko okanye iimpembelelo ezandisa ingozi abantu abaselula abaza kutshaya umsila, ukusela utywala, ukusela nokusebenzisa iziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni kunye neyonyango, ngelixa abanye behamba behamba beya esikolweni esiphakamileyo?
Ukuze uphendule le mibuzo, i-National Centre kwi-Addiction and Abuse Abuse (i-CASA) e-Columbia University iqhuba isifundo "sokubuyela esikolweni" ngenye indlela eyaziwa ngokuthi "Uphando lweSizwe lweMibono yaseMerika ngokuSetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi."
Ukususela ngo-1995, olu vavanyo luye lwazama ukufumanisa iziganeko, imeko kunye neemeko ezandisa okanye ukunciphisa amathuba okusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi eziselula.
Ukususela kwimiphumo yezifundo ezili-17 ze-CASA ezipapashwe, ezi zilandelayo ziphumo zengozi yokunyuka kwamathuba atshabayo, ukusela okanye ukusebenzisa iziyobisi.
Ukuxinezeleka, i-Boredom kunye neMali eninzi kakhulu Zizinto ezibalulekileyo
Kwesinye sezifundo zakuqala ze-CASA (2003), uphando lufumanise ukuba intsha enxininisekile , xa kuthelekiswa nentsha egxininisekile kakhulu inokubandakanywa ekusebenziseni kakubi iziyobisi:
- Abaselula abaxinzelelekileyo banokuphindwa kabili ukutshaya, ukusela, ukusela nokusebenzisa iziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni .
- Iintsholongwane ezithi zivuthiwe zivuthiwe zingama-50% amathuba okutsha, ukusela, ukusela nokusebenzisa iziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni.
- Abaselula abanama-$ 25 okanye ngaphezulu ngeveki xa bechitha imali banokuphindwa kabili ukutshaya, ukusela nokusebenzisa iziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni kunye nokuphindwe kabini ukuba banxila.
- Abaselula abanamabini okanye abathathu kwezi zinto banokuphindwa kathathu ukuba babe ngabaxhaphazi beziyobisi.
- Ezi zinto zichaphazela ngaphezu kwesigamu sabantwana abaneminyaka eli-12 ukuya kwe-17 e-US
Intsha Iqala Ukusebenzisa Ngaphambili Kunabantwana Cinga
Iintsholongwane ezithonyelwayo ukutshaya, ukusela nokusebenzisa iziyobisi ziqala phambili kwimpilo yazo kunokuba abazali bangathanda ukucinga, ngokulandela iziphumo zophando lweCASA.
- Umlinganiselo wokuqala wokusetyenziswa kotywala iminyaka eyi-12, iinyanga ezimbini.
- Umyinge weminyaka yokuyeka ukutshaya i-cigarettes iminyaka eyi-12, iinyanga ezintandathu.
- Umyinge wokuqala usetyenziso lwe-marijuana uneminyaka eyi-13, iinyanga ezili-11.
Uphando lufumene ukuba phakathi kweminyaka eyi-12 kunye ne-17 ubudala, amathuba okuba umntwana atshise, aphuze okanye asebenzise iziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni akwandisa amaxesha asixhenxe. Ngethuba elifanayo, ukususela kwi-12 ukuya kwe-17 ubudala, ipesenteji yabaselula abavakalisa ukuba nabahlobo abavutha i-marijuana bayanda ngamaxesha angama-14.
Umoya Unempembelelo Entle
Ucwaningo lwe-CASA luye lwafumanisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba abatsha abaya kwiinkonzo zonqulo ubuncinane kanye ngeveki banokubakho ubuncipheko obuncinane bokubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi.
Impembelelo ye-Social Networking: Uxinzelelo lwabahlobo lweDesari
Intsha eye yabona imifanekiso kwi-Facebook okanye nakwezinye izingosi zokunxibelelana kwezentlalo zabanye abantwana abaxakayo, abadlulileyo okanye basebenzise iziyobisi banakho ukubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kakubi ngokweziyobisi, xa kuthelekiswa nabantwana abangabonanga imifanekiso enjalo. Bazi:
- Izihlandlo ezine zingaphaya kakhulu ukuba zisebenzise inambuzane
- Kungaphezu kwamathathu amaninzi amathuba okusebenzisa utywala
- Phantse kathathu amaqhinga ukuba asebenzise iteksi
- Bangaphezu kwesibini ukuba banokucinga ukuba baya kuzama iziyobisi esikhathini esizayo.
Ukongeza, abatsha abachitha ixesha elibalulekileyo kwizentlalo zentlalo ba:
- Izihlandlo ezine ziyakwazi ukufumana inambuzane
- Izihlandlo ezithathu ziyakwazi ukufumana iziyobisi zonyango
- Ubini mhlawumbi unako ukufumana utywala ngaphakathi kwimihla okanye ngaphantsi
Intsha ebandakanyekayo kwiintanethi zentlalo zinokuba nzima ukuba nabahlobo kunye nabafundi abafunda nabo abasebenzisa iziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi.
Iimiphumo zengxininiso ephezulu kwiNtshukumo yokuThatshazwa kweziyobisi
Xa kuthelekiswa nentsha ebika ukuba iphantsi koxinzelelo oluphantsi (5 okanye ngaphantsi kwinqanaba eli-1 ukuya ku-10), intsha engaphantsi kwengcinezelo ephezulu (6 okanye ngaphezulu kwizinga eli-1 ukuya kwe-10) likhulu kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kwezidakamizwa:
- Izihlandlo ezithathu zokuba zisebenzise inambuzane
- Kuphindwe kabini mhlawumbi ukusetyenziswa kotywala
- Kuphindwe kabini mhlawumbi usebenzise iteksi
Ukuhlala Kwedwa Ebusuku
Iintsholongwane eziseleyo zihlala ekhaya zodwa ngaphandle kobushushu abadala ziyakwazi ukuxhaphaza izidakamizwa, xa kuthelekiswa nabaselula abangazange bahlale ekhaya bodwa ebusuku.
- Kuphindwe kabini kunokwenzeka ukuba wasebenzisa inambuzane
- Phantse kabini mhlawumbi ukusetyenziswa kotywala
- Phantse amaxesha amathandathu anokusetyenziswa kwecuba
Amaxhoba angama-Cyberbullying at Risk Great
Ucwaningo lweCASA lubonisa ukuba abatsha abafumana ama-cyberbullying angaphezu kokuphindwe kabini ukutshaya, ukusela nokusebenzisa inambuzane xa kuthelekiswa nentsha engaxhatshazwayo.
Iingcinga zobutsha zibonisa izingozi ezinkulu zokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi
Kwimeko nganye, ukuba abatsha abathatha uphando bathi bavumelana nale ngxelo engezantsi, babesenokuba kathathu amathuba okusebenzisa inambuzane, malunga nokuba kabini banokusela utywala, kwaye kaninzi banokutshaya ugwayi:
- "Ukuba umhlobo wam usebenzisa iziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni, akukho nto yam ishishini."
- "Ndimele ndikwazi ukwenza oko ndifuna ngomzimba wam."
- "Akuyona into enkulu yokulala ngesini nomntu ongenandaba naye."
Ukungavumelekanga kwabazali yinto ebalulekileyo
Kuyo yonke le minyaka, uphando lwe-CASA lufumene ukuba ukunyaniseka kwabazali okuchanekileyo kokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi kuyisimo sengqondo kunye nokuziphatha kwentsha. Abaselula bathi abazali babo "baya khathazeka kakhulu" ukuba bafumane ukutshaya, ukusela okanye ukusebenzisa i-marijuzana kufuneka bavumeleke ukuba basebenzise izinto ngokwabo okanye bacinge ukuba kulungile ukuba oontanga bawasebenzise.
Xa abantwana babika ukuba abazali babo abayi kuba buhlungu kakhulu, nangona kunjalo, uphando lufumene ukuba abazali:
- Izihlandlo ezisibhozo kunye nesiqingatha zingaphaya ukuba zithandekile ukuba intsha yabo ineminyaka yokuba isebenzise inambuzane.
- Amaxesha alishumi amathuba okuba athi kufanelekile ukuba intsha ifikelele ekunxileni.
- Izihlandlo ezithoba zingaphaya ukuba zithandekile ukuba intsha yabo ifikelele ukutshaya iigarethi.
Abazali bafuna ukuba kwiCandelo elifanayo
Uphando lufumanisa ukuba kubalulekile ukuba abazali bathumele umyalezo ohambelana kunye onobumbanyo kwizonyango kunye notywala. Xa kuthelekiswa nentsha enabantwana abavumelane ngokupheleleyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi, intsha abazali abayizalanga ngokuvumelana yiyo:
- Izihlandlo ezi-3 zininzi zokusebenzisa inambuzane
- Izihlandlo ezili-3.5 ngaphezulu ukuzama ukusebenzisa iziyobisi esikhathini esizayo
- Uphindwe kabini ukusetyenziswa kotywala
Ngexesha elide, uphando lwe-CASA lufumene ukuba inxaxheba yabazali kwiminyaka yabo yobutsha ingabamba indima ebalulekileyo nokuba ngaba ababandakanyeka ekusebenziseni kakubi iziyobisi, ingakumbi ukuba ngaba abazali baxhalabele ingcinezelo ebomini babo kubantwana, bayaziqonda nini kwaye kutheni baxhala, kwaye banciphise kwaye bahlole imali yabo yokuchitha imali.
Izindlela Abazali Abanokunciphisa Umngcipheko Wentsha
NgokweZiko leSizwe malunga nokuLawulwa kweziyobisi kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi, ezi ndlela zintlanu abazali abanokunciphisa ukuba abantwana babo baya kutshitshisa, basele, banxilise okanye basebenzise izidakwa ezingekho mthethweni phambi kweminyaka eyi-18:
- Yiba neengxaki kwiimeko zobomi bentsha kunye nokubanceda bakwazi ukujamelana.
- Qonda ukuba nini kwaye kutheni abatsha bavuthayo kwaye banceda ukukhulula ubunzima babo.
- Ukunciphisa inani lemali yakho intsha ekufuneka ichithe kwaye ilonge indlela imali echithwa ngayo.
- Yazi ukuba ngabahlobo bakho bentsha ba.
- Yiba nobomi kubantwana bakho
I-CASA iphakamisa ukuba abazali banokubandakanyeka ngakumbi nabantwana babo ngokubancedisa ngemisebenzi yabo yasekhaya, ukuya kwiimviwo zabo zangaphandle, ukucwangcisa imisebenzi enokuyenza kunye kunye nokuthetha nabo ngezidakamizwa, utywala kunye nocuba.
Imithombo:
Isiko seSizwe soMlingo kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi. "Uphando lweSizwe lweMibono yaseMelika malunga nokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi VIII: Intsha nabazali." Uluhlu loPhando ngo- Agasti 2003.
Isiko seSizwe soMlingo kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi. "Uphando lweSizwe lweMibono yaseMelika malunga nokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi VI: Intsha nabazali." Uluhlu loPhando ngoAgasti 2011.
Isiko seSizwe soMlingo kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi. "Uphando lweSizwe lweMibono yaseMelika malunga nokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi XVII: Intsha." Uluhlu loPhando ngo- Agasti 2012.