U-Howard Gardner uphuhliso lwezengqondo olusasaziwa kakhulu kule ngcamango yeengqondo ezininzi. Wayekholelwa ukuba ingqiqo yesiqhelo yobunkokheli yayincinci kwaye iyanqanda kwaye iimpawu ze-IQ zisoloko ziphosakele kwezinye "iingqondo" ezingabakho mntu. Incwadi yakhe ye-1983 ye- Frames of Mind, ichaze imfundiso yakhe kunye neentlobo zakhe ezisibhozo zengqondo.
Iingcamango zikaGardner zineempembelelo ethile kwimfundo apho kukho ootitshala abaphefumlelweyo kunye nootitshala ukuba bahlole iindlela ezintsha zokufundisa ezijoliswe kule ngqondo ehlukeneyo.
"Sinalo le ngqungquthela ukuba indlela yodwa yokufunda into ukuyifunda kwincwadi yokufunda okanye ukuva intetho kuyo.Nye kuphela indlela yokubonisa ukuba siyiqonde into ethile kukuthatha impendulo emfutshane okanye mhlawumbi ngezihlandlo Umbuzo ococekileyo ophonswe kuwo. Kodwa oko kungenangqiqo. Yonke into ingafundiswa ngendlela engaphezulu kweyodwa. " - Howard Gardner, 1997
Eyaziwayo kakhulu:
Brief Biography
UWoward Gardner wazalelwa ngoJulayi 11, 1943 eScranton, ePennsylvania. Wazichaza ngokuthi "ungumfundi ofundela otholo olukhulu ngokudlala ipiyano." Wayegqiba imfundo yakhe yepesimari e-Harvard, efumana i-grade-grade degree ngo-1965 kunye neFP. ngowe-1971.
Ngoxa wayesezicwangciso zokufunda umgaqo, wayephefumlelwe yimisebenzi kaJean Piaget ukufunda i-psychology yophuhliso.
Wacacisa nokucebisa afunyenwe ku-psychoanalyst owaziwayo u- Erik Erikson njengenxalenye yezizathu zokubangela ukuba abeke izinto ezibonakalayo kwi-psychology.
"Ingqondo yam yavulwa ngokwenene xa ndaya kwiKholeji yaseHarvard ndafumana ithuba lokufunda ngaphantsi kwabantu-njengengqondo yengqondo e-Erik Erikson, isazi senzululwazi uDavid Riesman, kunye nesazi sengqondo senzululwazi uJerome Bruner-abadala ulwazi ngabantu.
Oko kwandinceda ukuba ndibe ngophando lobunjani bomntu, ngokukodwa indlela abantu abaye bacinga ngayo, "kamva wachaza.
Umsebenzi kunye neengcamango
Emva kokuchitha ixesha ukusebenza kunye namaqela amabini ahlukeneyo, abantwana abaqhelekileyo nabanikiweyo kunye nabantu abadala abanokukhubazeka kwengqondo, uGardner waqala ukuphuhlisa i-theory eyenzelwe ukuvelisa uphando kunye nokuqwalaselwa kwakhe. Ngowe-1983, wakhicilela iFames of Mind eyayichaza ingcamango yakhe yeengqondo ezininzi.
Ngokwale ngcamango, abantu banendlela ezahlukeneyo zokufunda. Ngokungafani neengcamango zendabuko zengqondo ezijolise kwisinye sezixhobo zobulumko , uGarnner ukholelwa ukuba abantu banokuba neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokucinga nokufunda. Usuke wachaza kwaye wachaza iintlobo ezisibhozo zengqondo:
- Ubungcali bobugcisa
- Ingqiqo yolwimi
- ZeMathematika
- I-Kinesthetic yolwazi
- Iingcaphephe zoMculo
- Zobulumko
- Inkcukacha zobulumko
- Zobulumko bendalo
Uye wanyusa ukongezwa okunokwenzeka kwendlela yesithoba awayebhekisela kuyo "njengengqiqo yolwazi."
Ingcamango kaGardner mhlawumbi ibe nempembelelo enkulu kummandla wemfundo, apho ifumene ingqwalasela kunye nokusetyenziswa.
Ukuqonda kwakhe ingqondo nje ngaphezu kweyodwa, impawu ezizimeleyo zivule iingcango zokuqhubela phambili uphando kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokucinga ngeengqondo zobuntu.
Umcwaningi Mindy L. Kornhaber ucebise ukuba imfundiso yeengqondo ezininzi ithandwa kakhulu kwimfundo yezemfundo kuba "iqinisekisa abafundi beengxaki zemihla ngemihla: abafundi bacinga kwaye bafunda ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo." Kwakhona kunika ootitshala ngesicwangciso sobunzulu sokulungiselela kunye ukubonakalisa uvavanyo lwekharityhulam kunye nezenzo zokufundisa. Ngokwale ndlela, oku kubonakaliswa kuye kwakhokelela abaninzi ootitshala ukuba bathuthukise iindlela ezintsha ezinokuhlangabezana nezidingo zoluhlu lwabafundi kwiiklasi zabo. "
UGardner ngoku ukhonza njengoSihlalo weKomiti yokuLawula iNkqubo yeZero kwiSikolo seMfundo saseHarvard Graduate and Education as Professor of Psychology eYunivesithi yaseHarvard.
Awards
- 1981, iMacArthur Prize Fellowship
- 1987, uWilliam James Award, uMbutho wezeMpilo waseMelika
- 1990, iYunivesithi yaseLouisville Grawemeyer Award kwiMfundo
- 2000, uJohn S. Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellowship
- 2011, iNkqutyana ye-Prince of Asturias kwi-Social Sciences
Iincwadi ezikhethiweyo
Gardner, H. (1983; 2003). Iifom yengqondo. Imfundiso yeengqondo ezininzi. ENew York: BasicBooks.
UGardenner, H. (1999). Ulwaphulo lweengcaphephe. ENew York: IiNcwadi eziSiseko.
UGardenner, H. (2000). Ingqondo Eqondisiwe: Ngaphandle Kwezinto Nezivivinyo Ezihambelanisiweyo, Imfundo K-12 Yonke Imfundo Yomntwana. ENew York: iPenguin Putnam.
Intelligences ezininzi ngokubhekiselele kwiStyles zokuFunda
Kwincwadi yakhe ka-2013 I-App Generation , uGardner kunye nombhali-mbhali uKathy Davis bathetha ukuba inkolelo yeengqondo ezininzi sele ixutyushwa kunye nembono yohlobo lokufunda. Le mibini ayifani, uGarnner uchaza kwaye usebenzisa i-computer ukufanisa ukubonisa umahluko phakathi kweengcamango.
Iingcamango zomdabu zengqondo enye zibonisa ukuba ingqondo inomnye, "intloko" kunye nenjongo "yonke ikhomputha" ichaza uGardner kwincwadi yakhe. Le khomputha ke ibone indlela abantu abayenzayo kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi babo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukukhulelwa kweGadner ngeengqondo ezininzi, kuphakamisa ukuba ingqondo inayo inani "iikhompyutheni" ezisebenza ngokuzimeleyo kunye kunye negalelo kumandla ahlukeneyo engqondweni. UGardner ukholelwa ukuba abantu banokuba khona phakathi kwama-7 ne-10 ahlukeneyo.
Izitayela zokufunda, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zihambelana nobuntu bomntu kunye nokukhethwa kokufunda. Ingxaki ngolu hlobo lweendlela zokufunda, u-Gardner uchaza ukuba akukhona nje kuphela ukuba kuchazwe ngokucacileyo, uphando lufumene ubungqina obuncinane bokuthi ukufundisa kwisitayela esikhethiweyo somfundi kunempembelelo kwiziphumo zokufunda.
I-Gardner iyahlula phakathi kweengqondo zakhe ezininzi kunye neengcamango zezindlela zokufunda ngokucacisa iinjongo njengengqondo yokusebenzisa ingqondo kwimeko ethile njengokwazi kwamagama okanye i-intelligence spatial. Uchaza iindlela zokufunda njengendlela umfundi ngamnye afikelela ngayo izinto ezahlukeneyo zemfundo.
Imithombo:
Edutopia. (1997). Iingcamango ezinkulu: Howard Gardner kwi-Multiple Intelligences. Kubuyiselwa kwi-http: //www.edutopia.org/multiple-intelligences-howard-gard-video.
Gardner, H. & Davis, K. (2013). Isizukulwana se-App: Intsha yolutsha namhlanje ihamba njani kwiNdawo yeDijar. Yale University Press.
Howard Gardner. (2010). Ukufunyanwa kwi-http: //pzweb.harvard.edu/PIs/HG.htm
Howard Gardner: Iiposenti kunye neeNkozo. (2010). Ukufunyanwa kwi-http: //www.pz.harvard.edu/pis/HGposi.htm
UKornhaber, ML (2001) 'Howard Gardner' kwiJA Palmer (ed. Ukususela kwiPiaget ukuya kutsho, eLondon: uRoutledge.
USmith, uMark K. (2002, 2008) 'UWoward Gardner kunye neNinzi yamaTntelligences', T Encyclopedia yeMfundo engaQhathelanga, http://www.infed.org/thinkers/gardner.htm.