Ibali elikrakrayo leNyana oLwazi oluNgcayo ephakanyisiwe
Kukho inani lamatyala abantwaba aphakanyisiweyo kwintlupheko yoluntu ngaphandle kokungabikho mntu oqhagamshelana naye. Abambalwa baye bathabatha ingqalelo yoluntu kunye nezesayensi njengale ntombazana encinane ebizwa ngokuthi iGenie. Wachitha phantse ubuncinane bakhe buntwaneni ekhutshisiwe kwigumbi lokulala, ekhulile kwaye ephathwa kakubi kwiminyaka elishumi. Icala likaGenie lingenye yeyokuqala ukubeka i-theory yexesha elibalulekileyo ukuvavanya.
Ingaba umntwana okhuliswe ngokunyanisekileyo kunye nokuzihlukanisa kuphuhlisa ulwimi? Ingaba indawo yokulondoloza ingaba yinto eyadlulayo?
Imvelaphi kaGenie
Ibali likaGenie lavela ngoNovemba 4, 1970, eLos Angeles, eCalifornia. Intlalontle yafumana intombazana eneminyaka engama-13 emva kokuba unina afune iinkonzo. Intlalontle yabona ukuba le ntombazana yayivalelwe egumbini elincinci, kwaye uphando olwenziwa ngabasemagunyeni ngokukhawuleza lityhila ukuba umntwana wayesebenzisa ubuninzi bakhe ebomini, kaninzi ubophelelwe kwisihlalo samathambo.
Le ntombazana yanikezwa igama elithi Genie kwiifayile zakhe kwiifayile zokukhusela ubuni kunye nobumfihlo. Igama leli gesi liyiGenie. Leli akulona igama lenene lomntu, kodwa xa sicinga malunga nokuba yiyiphi i-genie, i-genie isidalwa esivela kwibhotile okanye nayiphi na into kodwa ivela kwintlalo yoluntu esadlulileyo. Ngokuqinisekileyo asiyindalo eyayinobuntwana buntwaneni, "kuchaza uSusan Curtiss kwincwadi ebizwa ngeNova ka-1997 ebizwa ngokuba yi" Nova Child ".
Bobabini abazali bahlawuliswa kakubi, kodwa uyise kaGenie wazibulala ngosuku ngaphambi kokuba avele enkundleni, eshiya ibhokisi elichaza ukuba "ihlabathi aliyi kuqonda."
Ubomi bukaGenie ngaphambi kokufumanisa kwakhe kwakungomnye wokunciphisa. Wachitha ixesha elininzi leentsuku zakhe eziboshwe ze-sihlalo sakhe samanzi kuphela ezikwazi ukuhambisa izandla kunye neenyawo zakhe.
Xa wayenza ingxolo, uyise wayembetha. Uyise, umama kunye nomntakwabo omdala babengenakuthetha naye. Amaxesha amanqabileyo uyise ayenxibelelana nayo, kwakufuneka ukukhawuleza okanye ukukhula.
Ibali lecala lakhe lisasazeka ngokukhawuleza, ukubonisa ingqalelo ebantwini nakwizenzululwazi. Icala lalibalulekileyo, wathi umphathiswa wengqondo kunye nomlobi uHarlan Lee, kuba "ukuziphatha kwethu akusivumeli ukuba senze uvavanyo lokunciphisa abantu, aba bantu bahluphekileyo sonke sifanele siqhubeke."
Ngomdla omkhulu kwimeko yakhe, umbuzo waba yinto ekufuneka yenziwe nayo. Iqela leengqondo zeengqondo kunye neengcali zeelwimi zaqalisa inkqubo yokuvuselela iGenie.
Teaching Genie
I-National Institute of Health mentally (NIMH) inike inkxaso ngemali yophando lwezenzululwazi kwimeko yeGenie.
"Ndicinga ukuba wonk 'ubani odibene naye wayemtsalane naye." Wayenomgangatho othile wokudibanisa nabantu, okwakusakhula ngakumbi nangakumbi kodwa wayekho, ukususela ekuqaleni. , kodwa ngandlela-thile ngohlobo lokujonga emehlweni akhe, kwaye abantu babefuna ukwenza izinto kuye, "kusho isazi sengqondo sikaDavid Rigler, inxalenye yeqela le" Genie. "
Iqela lakhe lokuvuselela lalibandakanya umfundi ophumelele kwisigqibo uSusan Curtiss kunye nesazi seengqondo uJames Kent.
Ekufikeni kwakhe kokuqala e-UCLA, iqela ladibana nentombazana eyayilinganisa iipounds ezingama-59 kwaye yafuduka "ngokuhamba". Wayehlala ehluma kwaye wayengakwazi ukulungisa izandla zakhe nemilenze. Ethulile, engabonakaliyo, kwaye engakwazi ukuhlafuna, ekuqaleni wayebonakala ekwazi ukwazi igama lakhe kunye negama elithi "uxolo."
Emva kokuvavanya amandla kaGenie kunye nokuqonda, uK Kent wamchaza ngokuthi "ngumntwana owonakele kakhulu endandiyibona ... Ubomi bukaGenie buyintlango." Ukuthula kwakhe nokungakwazi ukusetyenziswa kolwimi kwenza kube nzima ukuvavanya amandla akhe engqondo, kodwa kwiimvavanyo, wafumana amanqanaba malunga nenqanaba le-1 ubudala.
Ngokukhawuleza waqalisa ukuqhubela phambili ngokukhawuleza kwiindawo ezithile, ngokukhawuleza ukufunda indlela yokusebenzisa indlu yangasese aze agqoke. Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa ezizayo, waqala ukufumana inkqubela phambili yophuhliso kodwa wahlala ehlwempu kwiindawo ezifana nolwimi. Wayekunandipha ukuphuma ebudeni bemini ngaphandle kwesibhedlele waza wahlola indawo yakhe entsha ngokunyaniseka okwamangalisa abantu abamnakekelayo kunye nabaziwayo. UChartiss wacebisa ukuba uGenie unamandla okwazi ukuthetha ngokungaqhelekanga , ngokusoloko efumana izipho ezivela kubantu abangabaziyo abangaqhelekanga ababebonakala beqonda isidingo esinamandla senkwenkwezi ukuba bahlolisise ihlabathi elizungezile.
Ixesha eliPhambili kunye noLwimi lokuFumana
Ingxenye yesizathu sokuba isizathu sikaGenie sithandeke iingcali zeengqondo kunye neelwimi ngokugqithiseleyo ukuba yanikeza ithuba elikhethekileyo lokufunda ingxoxo echasayo ngokubhekiselele ekuphuhliseni ulwimi . AmaNativists akholelwa ukuba amandla okwenza ulwimi alunganga, ngelixa ama-empiricists abonisa ukuba izinto eziphathekayo zendalo zidlala indima ephambili. Okubaluleke kakhulu, iyakhupha ukuya kwi-debate yokudala ngokuvumelana nokukhulisa . Ingaba i- genetics okanye indawo yendawo ibambe indima enkulu ekuphuhliseni ulwimi?
UNativist uNoam Chomsky wacebisa ukuba ukufumana ulwimi akunakucaciswa ngokupheleleyo ngokufunda yedwa. Kunoko, wacetyiswa ukuba abantwana bazalwa benesistim sokufumana ulwimi (LAD), abanakho ukuqonda imigaqo yolwimi. Xa sele evezwe ngolwimi, i-LAD ivumela abantwana ukuba bafunde ulwimi ngelixesha elimangalisayo.
IsiLinguist u-Eric Lenneberg usikisela ukuba njengamanye amaninzi okuziphatha, ukukwazi ukufumana ulwimi kuxhomekeke kwixesha elibalulekileyo. Ixesha elibalulekileyo lixesha elilinganiselwe ixesha apho i-organic isingatha kwi-stimuli yangaphandle kwaye inako ukufumana izakhono ezithile. Ngokutsho kweLenneberg, ixesha elibalulekileyo lokufumanisa ulwimi lihlala kude kube malunga no-12 ubudala. Emva kokuqala kokubuthwa, wayexelele, umbutho wengqondo ubeka kwaye awusakwazi ukufunda nokusebenzisa ulwimi ngendlela esebenzayo.
Icala likaGenie lenza abaphandi ithuba elikhethekileyo. Ukuba unikwe indawo yokufunda ephuculweyo, ingayinqoba ubuncinane bakhe ubuncinane kwaye ifunde ulwimi nangona ilahlekelwe ixesha elibalulekileyo? Ukuba unako, kuya kuphakamisa ukuba ixesha elibalulekileyo lephulo lokuphuhlisa ulwimi alunganga. Ukuba wayengenako, kuya kubonisa ukuba imbono yeLenneberg yayilungile.
Ulwimi lweGenie lweNtuthuko
Ngaphandle kokufaka amanqaku kwinqanaba lomntwana oneminyaka eli-1 ekuhloleni kwakhe kokuqala, uGenie waqalisa ngokukhawuleza ukufaka amagama amatsha kwisigama sakhe. Waqala ngokufunda amagama angatshatanga kwaye ekugqibeleni waqala ukubeka amagama amabini kunye nendlela abantwana abancinane abazenza ngayo. UCrtiss waqala ukuvakalelwa kukuba uGenie uya kuba nako ngokupheleleyo ukufumana ulwimi.
Emva konyaka kunyango, waqala ukubeka amagama amathathu ndawonye ngezinye iinkhathi. Kubantwana abahamba ngokuphuhliswa kolwimi oluqhelekileyo, eli nqanaba lilandelwa yinto eyaziwa ngokuba yi-explosion language. Abantwana bazuza ngokukhawuleza amagama amatsha baze baqale ukuwahlanganisa ndawonye ngeendlela ezintsha. Ngelishwa, oku akuzange kwenzeke ngoGenie. Ubuchule bakhe beelwimi babambelela kule nqanaba kwaye wabonakala engenakho ukusebenzisa imithetho yokusetyenziswa kwegrama kunye nokusetyenziswa kolwimi ngendlela enentsingiselo. Kule ngongoma, inkqubela yakhe yaqhutyelwa kwaye ukufunyanwa kolwimi olutsha luyeka.
Ngoxa uGenie wakwazi ukufunda olunye ulwimi emva kobuntwaba, ukungakwazi kwakhe ukusebenzisa igrama (oko iChomsky ibonisa ukuba yintoni eyahlula ulwimi loluntu kwintetho yonxibelelwano lwezilwanyana) inikeza ubungqina kwixesha elibalulekileyo leengcinga.
Kakade, imeko kaGenie ayilula. Akazange alahlekelwe kuphela ixesha elibalulekileyo lokufunda ulwimi, waxhatshazwa kakubi. Wayengondleki kwaye akanakho ukukhutshulwa kwengqondo kubuninzi bakhe buntwaneni. Abaphandi abazange bakwazi ukugqiba ngokupheleleyo ukuba uGenie ahlupheke ngenxa yokulahlekelwa kwengqondo engaphambili. Njengengane, isazi sezingane samfumanisa ukuba unalo uhlobo oluthile lokuphuza kwengqondo. Ngoko abaphandi baye basala ukuba bazibuze ukuba uGenie wayehluphekile ngenxa yokulahlekelwa kwengqondo ngenxa yobundlobongela bakhe okanye ukuba wayezelwe ngeqondo elithile lokulahlwa kwengqondo.
Iingxoxo malunga nokunyamekela kukaGenie
I-Psychiatrist Jay Shurley wancedisa ukuvavanya uGenie emva kokuba efunyanwe kuqala, kwaye wathi kuba imeko efana naye yayingavamile, ngokukhawuleza yaba yinkxalabo yemfazwe phakathi kwabaphandi abachaphazelekayo kwimeko yakhe. Iingxabano malunga nophando kunye nenkqubo yokunyanga kwakhe kwangoko kwanyuka. UGenie ngezinye iinkhathi wachitha ubusuku endlwini kaJean Butler, omnye wabafundisi bakhe. Emva kokuqhambuka kwemasisi, uGenie wayekhethwe ekhaya lakhe ngutitshala. I-Butler yaza yaba ngumkhuseli kwaye yaqala ukukhawulela ukufikelela kwiGenie. Amanye amalungu eqela aziva ukuba injongo kaButler yayikudumileyo kwimeko, ngenye indlela ithi uButler wayezibiza ngokuthi ngu-Anne Sullivan olandelayo, utitshala odumileyo ngokunceda uHelen Keller ufunde ukuthetha.
Ekugqibeleni, uGenie wasuswa ekunakekeleni kukaButler waza waya kuhlala kwikhaya lezengqondo uDavid Rigler, apho wahlala khona iminyaka emine ezayo. Nangona kukho ubunzima, wabonakala eqhuba kakuhle kwindlu yasekhaya. Wayekunandipha ukuphulaphula umculo we-classic kwi-piano kunye nokuthanda ukuthatha, ngokuqhelekileyo ukufumana kulula ukuthetha ngokubonisa ngaphandle kwezinye iindlela.
Isiqalo Sokuphela
I-NIMH ihoxise imali ngo-1974, ngenxa yokungabikho kokufunyaniswa kwezesayensi. IsiLinguist uSusan Curtiss ufumene ukuba ngoxa uGenie angasebenzisa amagama, akakwazanga ukuvelisa igrama. Akakwazanga ukulungiselela la mazwi ngendlela enentsingiselo, exhasa imbono yexesha elibalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni ulwimi. Uphando lwe-Rigler alulungelelanisi kwaye ngokubanzi luyi-anecdotal. Ngaphandle kwemali yokuqhubela phambili uphando kunye nokunyamekela uGenie, wasuswa ekunakekeleni kukaRigler.
Ngowe-1975, uGenie wabuya waya kuhlala nomama wakhe wokuzalwa. Xa unina wayifumene nzima kunzima, uGenie wadluliselwa kwinqanaba lamakhaya asekhaya, apho wayehlala ephantsi kokuphathwa kakubi kunye nokunyanzelwa. Umama ka-Genie wazalwa waza wamangalela iSibhedlele saBantwana saseLos Angeles kunye neqela lophando, ehlawula ngokuvavanya kakhulu. Ngoxa isigwebo sagqitywa, saphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo malunga nophatho kunye nokunyamekela kukaGenie. Ingaba uphando lwaphazamisa unyango lwentombazana?
Isimo sikaGenie saqhubeka sinobubi. Emva kokuchitha ixesha elininzi kwiimakhaya ezikhuselekileyo, wabuyela kwisibhedlele sabantwana. Ngelishwa, inkqubela eyenzeka ngexesha lokuhlala kwakhe kokuqala yayiphumeleliswe kakhulu yonyango olulandelayo olwaluncedo kulondolozo lwentsha. UGenie wayeyika ukuvula umlomo waza waphinda wabuyela emva.
Kuphi iGenie namhlanje?
Namhlanje, uGenie uhlala kwikhaya lokunakekelwa kwabantwana abadala, kwindawo ethile eningizimu yeKalifornia. Akukho nto eyaziwayo malunga nemeko yakhe yangoku, nangona umntu ongaziwa mntu uqeshe umphenyi wangasese ukuba amlandele phantsi ngo-2000 waza wachaza ukuba uyavuya. Oku kwahlukana ne-akhawunti yengqondo yengqondo uJay Shurley owayemtyelele kwiminyaka yakhe yokuzalwa engama-27 neye-29 kwaye wayibonakalisa ngokukhululekileyo, ecinezelekileyo, kunye nezikolo ezingapheliyo.
"Sithatha ntoni kule ndaba ebuhlungu ngokwenene?" wabuza uHarlan Lee kwi-NOVA documentary, "Imfihlo Yomntwana Wasekhaya." "Khangela, kukho imingcipheko yokuziphatha kulolu hlobo lophando.Ukuba ufuna ukwenza isayensi echanekileyo, ngoko umnqweno kaGenie uza kuza okwesibini ngexesha elithile.Ukuba unomdla nje ngokunceda uGenee, ngoko awuyi kwenza yophando lwezenzululwazi, ngoko ke, uza kwenza ntoni? Ukwenza izinto zibe zibi nakakhulu, iindima ezimbini, isosayensi, kunye neengcali , zadibaniswa kumntu oyedwa, kwimeko yakhe. Ngoko ke, ndicinga ukuba izizukulwana ezizayo ziya kufunda iimeko zikaGenie ... kungekhona nje into engasifundisa ngayo ngentuthuko yabantu kodwa nokuba yintoni esinokusifundisa ngemiphumo kunye nemingcipheko yokuqhuba 'uvavanyo olwenqatshelwe.' "
> Imithombo:
> Lenneberg, E. (1967). IZiseko zeBhiliyo zoLwimi. ENew York: iWiley.
> Pines, M. (1997). Impucuko yeGenie. Kwi-Teaching yesiNgesi ngokusebenzisa iMigaqo: I-Psychology, uLoretta F. Kasper, Ed ..
> PBS. (1997). Imfihlelo yomntwana wasendle. NOVA.
> Rolls, G. (2005). I-Case Case Studies kwi-Psychology . ELondon: uHodder Arnold.
> Rymer, R. (1993). UGenie: Inkathazo yesayensi. ENew York: Harper Collins.