Ukuqonda intsapho yokuLawulwa koTywala nokuLawulwa koTywala
UmThetho wokuLawula ukuTshaya nokuThengiswa koTywala (uMthetho wokuThengiswa koTywala) wawungumlando weMerika kwaye usebenza njengomzekelo kwihlabathi lonke. Kuze kube lo mthetho usayinwe ngomthetho ngoJuni 22, 2009, nguMongameli uBarack Obama, iinkampani zogwayi ziye zasebenza ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle kolawulo lolawulo lukaRhulumente waseUnited States.
Oko akusona kunjalo.
Namhlanje, i-US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ilawula iinkampani ze-tobacco zaseMzantsi Afrika kuzo zonke iinkalo zokuvelisa, ukuthengisa kunye nokukhuthazwa kwemveliso yazo. Ngoxa i-FDA ingenakuvuna ukutshaya itekisi ngokupheleleyo, ukubandakanyeka kwabo kunceda ukukhusela uluntu ngeendlela ezininzi.
I-FDA okwangoku inegunya phezu kwezi mveliso zecuba:
- iiguba
- ukubhema ugwayi ( ukucima ugwayi wakho )
- iimveliso zecuba
- iiguba
- ityhufu yecuba
- hooka
- iicuba zombane
- iicelin gels kunye nemveliso ye-nicotine
Kukho amaqhosha amahlanu aphambili asebenza njengesiseko soMthetho wokuLawula uTywala. Zichazwe ngezantsi.
Ithintela ukuThengisa kunye nokuThengiswa kwabancinci
Ukubhalwa kumthetho yile migqaliselo elandelayo ejoliswe ekukhuseleni ulutsha olungaphantsi kweminyaka eyi-18 ekuchaseni kwimveliso yecuba kunye nentengiso.
- Abakhiqizi beekotyi abakwazi ukuxhasa iimidlalo, ukuzizonwabisa okanye ezinye iimeko zentlalo / zenkcubeko.
- Abavelisi beekotyi abakwazi ukubonelela ngemveliso yeehagi yamahhala okanye into engeyiyo iteknayibrari njengegama lokunikezela.
- Iicigarettes azikwazi ukuthengiswa kumashishini athengisa ngaphandle kokuba zisezikhuleni kuphela.
- Ukuthengisa kubantwana abavumelekanga.
- Iicigarettes azikwazi ukuthengiswa kwiiphakheji zecigarettes ezingaphantsi kwe-20. (Ukuthengisa ugwayi ngamanani amancinci okanye njengelinye iqhinga elijolise kubantwana)
Umthetho wokuLawula itekisi unikezela igunya laseMelika lokuLawula nokuLawulwa kweeDrug ukuthatha amanyathelo angaphezulu kwixesha elizayo ukukhusela impilo yoluntu xa kuyimfuneko.
Kudinga iLebhu yoLwazi lweMveliso yeMveliso yoTywala
Ngomgudu wokwazisa ukuba izingozi zempilo zentambo yokutya itekisi ziquka iimveliso zecuba, (i- snuff , snus, chew, dip) Umthetho wokuLawula uTywala ufuna ukuba abenzi bezithuthi bafake enye yezi zi lumkiso kwi-packaging fake ye-fake ye-tobacco. Isigidimi kufuneka sifike ubuncinane iipesenti ezingama-30 zepakethe.
- ISEXWAYISO: Le mveliso ingabangela umdlavuza womlomo .
- ISEXWAYISO: Le mveliso ingabangela isifo segum kunye nokulahlekelwa izinyo.
- ISEXWAYISO: Le mveliso ayikho enye indawo ekhuselekileyo kwimigodi.
- ISEXWAYISO: Icuba elingenasitshingo lilutha.
Iimveliso zecuba ezingabikhoyo zisetyenziswa ngabantu ngokubanzi. Izibalo zango-2014 zibonise ukuba abantu abadala abangaphezu kwe-18, aba-7 kuma-100 amadoda basebenzise iimveliso ezingabhubhayo, ngelixa abangaphantsi kwe-1 kwabasetyhini basebenzisa. Ukusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo okuphakathi kwabantu abadala base-US ngaba-3 kwi-100 *.
Izibalo zonyaka ka-2015 zibonisa ukuba iipesenti ezi-6 zezingane eziphakamileyo zezikolo (iipesenti ezili-10, i-1.8 ekhulwini labasetyhini) zingabasebenzisi abasebenzisa icuba elingabheki.
* Ubungakanani bebonke bubandakanya amaphesenti amadoda, amabhinqa, amaMhlophe angewona amaSpanishi, abasebenzisi abamnyama nabangabemi baseSpain nabaseSpeyin.
Uqinisekisa ukuba amabango e "Ingozi echitshiweyo" Axhaswa yiScientific Proof
Ngamanye amagama, ukuba inkampani yecuba ifuna ukufaka ibango, umzekelo, ukuba " iigarethi zokukhanya" zibhetele kwimpilo yakho , i-FDA ifuna ukuba ibuyisele ubungqina benzululwazi.
Ukuba inkampani yocuba ivelisa imveliso entsha evakalelwa kukuba iya kunciphisa ingozi yezifo zempilo ezichaphazela ukubhema, kufuneka ngoku zifake ifom ye-tobacco product (MRTP) ifom ye-FDA ukuze ihlaziywe.
Ngokubhekiselele kwicandelo 911 le-Federal Food, iDrams and Cosmetic (uMthetho we-FD & C), njengoko uchitshiyelwe nguMthetho wokuLawula uTywala, i-FDA iya kufuna ukuba iinkampani zibonise, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukuba i-MRTP abafisa ukuvelisa kunye nokuthengiswa kulindeleke ukuba inzuzo inani labantu ngokubanzi (ababhemayo nabangabhemi ngokufanayo).
Umyalelo omude womkhwa wecuba uhlala phi, ukuthetha ubuncinci. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kwemvume ye-FDA, loo mveliso ayiyi kuhamba kwimarike-ubuncinane kungekhona njenge-MRTP.
Nangona kungekho nto enjengomkhiqizo okhuselekileyo wecuba, kukho ezinye eziyingozi kunezinye. Inkqubo ye-MRTP iya kuvumela imveliso enika umngcipheko omncinci ngendlela yokuthengisa, ngelixa ikhusela uluntu kwiimangalo ezikhohlisayo ziinkampani zecuba, njengoko kwenzekile ngaphambili.
Ukwangoku, i-FDA ayizange igunyaze ukuthengiswa kwe-MRTP, ngoko ayisacacanga ukuba yintoni inqanaba lokunciphisa umngcipheko olwamkelekileyo.
Ngendlela, igama elithi "ukukhanya" alisayi kuvunyelwa ngokubhekiselele kumagayibha, ngenxa yokuba iboniswe ukuba iqukethe iiceksi ezininzi eziyingozi njengama-cigarettes avamile.
Ifuna iiNkampani zoTuba ziCacise uluhlu lweZithako kwiMveliso yazo
Akufanele nje bahlanganyele izithako, kufuneka banike ingxelo ngokuthe ngqo kunye ne "recipes" yomkhiqizo ngamnye wecuba owenziwe phantsi kweyambule yemveliso. Yaye, ukuba iresiphi ishintshiwe, umenzi kufuneka abike ingxelo ethile yenguqu.
Nangona ezinye izithako ezisetyenziselwa ukutshaya i-cigarettes zentengiso zingabonakala zingenangqondo kwaye zivunywe yi-FDA ukuba zisetyenziswe ekudleni, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba azizange zitshitshise kunye / okanye zishiswe, ezingatshintsha zabo iimpawu , ukwenza ezinye zazo zibe yingozi. Badibanisa kunye, ukudala iindidi zamakhemikhali ezintsha ezinobungozi kunye.
IzeNzululwazi ifunyenwe ngaphezulu kwama-7000 amakhemikhali ahlukeneyo kumsi wesigare, kuquka i-250 i-poisonous and 70-causing causing cheminicals. Uphando luyaqhubeka.
I-Preserve State, iNgingqi, kunye noGunyaziwe
Oku kuthetha ukuba oogunyaziwe baseburhulumenteni nabasemaphandleni basenakho ukubeka izenzo zokulawula iteksi kwindawo yeendawo, ezifana nokukhupha irhafu yeruba, ukwenza imithetho yokusebenzela i-smoke free, ukuvala ukuthengisa iteksi kunye nokunikezela ngeenkqubo zokuyeka ukubhema.
Amagunya angezelelweyo yoMthetho wokuLawula uTywala
- Iinkampani zecuba kufuneka zibhalise ngonyaka kunye ne-FDA kwaye zivule izityalo zazo kwi-FDA ukuze zihlolwe minyaka emibini.
- I-FDA ivimbele nayiphi na ukunambitha kwecuba ngaphandle kwe-menthol kunye ne-flavour.
- I-FDA inegunya lokulawula i- nicotine kunye namazinga ezithako kwiimveliso zecuba.
- I-FDA ixhasa ukulawulwa kwemveliso yecuba ngeentlawulo ezihlawulwe iinkampani zogwayi. Imirhumo imiselwe yi-US share market.
Oko i-FDA ayikwazi ukuyenza kwiSakhelo soMthetho wokuLawula uTywala
Umthetho onika i-FDA igunya lokulawula iimveliso zecuba ngenxa yezinto zaseMerika zibeka imimiselo embalwa kwintlangano engenakuyenza.
- I-FDA ayikwazi ukuba abantu bafumane isigunyaziso sogqirha ukuze bathenge iimveliso zecuba.
- I-FDA ayikwazi ukufuna iinkampani zogwayi ukuba zinciphise amazinga e-nicotin kwimveliso yocuba ukuya kwizinga le-zero.
- I-FDA ayikwazi ukunqanda ukuthengisa ubuso nobuso kwinqanaba elithile lezitolo zokuthengisa.
- I-FDA ayikwazi ukuvimbela iiklasi ezithile zeemveliso zecuba.
Umthetho wokuLawula uTywala kukuguquka okubalulekileyo kwindlela uMerika elawula ngayo ingqungquthela yecuba etshabalalisa ilizwe kunye nehlabathi. Umsebenzi uyaqhubeka, kodwa iingongoma eziphambili kwindlela le mithetho isebenza ngayo ukukhusela amaMerika ekusebenziseni izigulana zeegayi kunye nezifo ezinxulumene nocuba nokufa kukuqala.
ILizwi
Ukuba utshayayo olungele ukuyeka, sebenzisa ezi zifundo zokuyeka ukutshaya njengeziko lokuqala. Xa uyazi ukuba ubhekene nokuyeka ukutshaya, ukuyeka ukuba ngumgomo oza kuwubona ngokukhawuleza.
Imithombo:
Amacandelo okuLawula nokuKhuselwa kwezifo. Ukusetyenziswa kweTuba yoTywala eMelika.
US Food and Drug Administration. UMthetho wokuLawula uTywala.
US Food and Drug Administration. Umngcipheko oMngcipheko omncinci? Kuphela ukuba iNzululwazi ithi.
US Food and Drug Administration. Iimveliso zobungozi bokuguqulwa komngcipheko.
US Food and Drug Administration. Iimfundiso malunga noMthetho omtsha wokuThengwa koTuba.