I-TSNAs kwi-cigarettes kunye ne-cigarette smoke: Ziziphi na?

by Terry Martin; Ukuhlaziywa nguSanja Jelic, MD

I-nitrosamines ethile ye-tobacco (TSNAs) zicingelwa ukuba zizinye zeegciwane ezinamandla kwiimveliso zecuba. Zizodwa zecuba kunye kwaye zikhoyo kwifayibha etshayiweyo, inkunkuma, ugwayi, kunye ne-electronic cigarette. Uninzi lomonakalo luvela kumigayi kunye nomsi wesigare, nangona kunjalo, kuba baninzi ababhemayo emhlabeni jikelele.

Ziziphi ii-TSNA kwaye Zivela phi?

I-IARC (i-International Agency for Research on Cancer) iye yafumanisa i-nitrosamines e-8 yecuba kunye nosiyi wocuba.

Ababini babo baye bahlulwa njengeCacon 1 carcinogens, oku kuthetha ukuba babangela umdlavuza kubantu.

N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN)
4-methyl-N-nitrosamino-1- (3-pyridyl) -1-butanone (NNK)

I-metabolite ye-NNK, iNNAL nayo i-carcinogen eqinile, kwaye ifunyenwe kumchamo wabantu abonakaliswe ngumsi weselula, nokuba bayabhema okanye bangabi.

Ukususela kumaNitrate ukuya kumaNitrosamines

Icuba eliluhlaza eliphuma kwintsimi liya kuba ne-nitrate kwiifomferensi ezisetyenzisiweyo ekulimeni, kwaye kwinqanaba elingaphantsi, izityalo zakhula emhlabeni. Ingenayo i-TSNAs-kodwa ubuncinane, engekabikho.

Ama-nitrate kumagqabi ecuba aguqulwa abe yi-nitrosamines ekhethekileyo yocuba xa icuba (kunye ne-nicotin kuyo) isiliswa kwaye iphiliswa. Ukucubungula kungenziwa ngeendlela ezimbalwa, ngomoya okanye ukushisa, kwaye iziphumo ziya kuvelisa amazinga aphezulu okanye aphantsi ase-nitrosamines.

Ii-TSNA zikhoyo kwiimveliso zogqirha ezigqityiweyo, ekugqibeleni zenze indlela yazo kwimibutho yokutshaya, apho zinegalelo kwiindlela ezininzi zomhlaza.

I-TSNA ibuhlungu njani ababhemayo?

I-TSNAs i-carcinogens ezinamandla ezidibaniswa nee-cancer ezininzi.

Umdlavuza womlenze uboniswe ukuba uqhagamshe ngokusondeleyo kwi-NNK, ngokukodwa, i-adenocarcinoma, eyona ndlela eqhelekileyo yomhlaza womphunga.

Amanye amachiza anxulumene ne-TSNA aquka:

Umhlaza womlomo

Umhlaza we-Esophageal

Umhlaza wesifo

Umhlaza wePancretic

Kukho ukukhathazeka okwandayo ukuba ii-TSNA zidibaniswe nomhlaza womlomo wesibeleko, ngenxa yokuba la ma-carcinogens afunyenwe ngokubanzi kwi-mucus yomlomo yabasetyhini abavuthayo.

I-TSNAs Inako (kwaye kufuneka) iyancitshiswe kwimveliso yoTuba

Abaphandi bayazi ukuba amanqanaba e-TSNA kwimigodi yezorhwebo ayashintsha kakhulu, ehlabathini lonke. Isizathu salokhu kudibeneyo. Uhlobo logwayi, iimeko zolimo kwishishini lokutya icuba, kunye nendlela icuba ephiliswa ngayo xa liphuma ngaphandle kwintsimi yonke idlala indima kwinani le-nitrosamines edala umdlavuza ekhoyo ekugqibeleni icuba.

I-tobacco ye-Burley (eyaziwa ngokuba yi-White Burley itekisi) kwaye indlela yokuphulukisa ibonakala ivelise inani eliphezulu le-TSNA, ngokutsho kwabaphandi.

INtsapho yokuLawula ukuTshaya nokuThengiswa koTywala inika iUnited States Ukutya kunye neDrug Administration igunya lokulawula iimveliso zecuba. Abaphandi bafuna imilinganiselo yokuvelisa eya kunciphisa amazinga e-TSNA aphezulu kakhulu ukuba abekwe kwindawo yokuthengisa iteksi yorhwebo.

UCuba Uphiliswa Njani?

Icuba likaBurley liyaphiliswa ngomoya , okubandakanya ukuxhoma amaqabunga ecuba kwintsimbi ehamba kakuhle. Ingqumbo ishiywe ukuma ngokukhawuleza kwixesha elilodwa ukuya kwiinyanga ezimbini.

Ukuphilisa umoya kuvelisa ishukela esezantsi, icukim ephezulu ye-nicotine. I-tobaccos yeCigar ne-burley yonyango lomoya.

Inkunkuma yecuba ekhunjulwayo yinkqubo apho amaqabunga amacuba atshwayo exutywe kwiipalini kwindawo yokugcina igumbi kwaye aphilise ngokufudumala kwi-flue exhunywe kwibhokisi yomlilo wangaphandle. Le nkqubo iphilisa ityhafu ngokushisa ngaphandle kokuyibeka. Ngama-1960, ibhokisi lomlilo latshintshwa ngumthombo wokushisa ugesi. Le ndlela yokuphilisa ivelisa iteksi ephezulu kwinqutyana yeshukela kunye nomxholo ophezulu ukuya kwi-nicotine. Uninzi lwee-cigarettes zorhwebo zinyango.

Ezinye iinkqubo zokuphilisa icuba ziquka:

Ukuphulukiswa komlilo , apho umlilo okhuni ophithizelayo ungaphakathi kwintsimbi kunye necuba.

Isicatshulwa esiphiliswa ngumlilo sinokuthatha iintsuku okanye iiveki kuxhomekeke kwicuba kunye noko kuthethwa khona. Umbhobho, ukuhlafuna kunye nokubhema iteksi yonyango. Amanye ama-cigarettes aveliswa kwicuba ekhuliswe ngomlilo. Isicatshulwa esiphiliswa ngumlilo sincinci kwiswekile kwaye siphakamileyo kwi-nicotine.

Ukunyanga kwelanga kubandakanya ukubonakalisa amaqabunga ecuba elangeni ekumiseni. Esetshenziswe kumazwe aseMeditera, le ndlela ivelisa into eyaziwa ngokuba yicuba laseMpumalanga. Kuphantsi kwishukela kunye ne-nicotine. Iigarethi zaseTurkey ziyi-100 ekhulwini ezingenayo icuba laseMpumalanga. Iicigars, ityhufu yepayipi, isilwanyana kunye nokuhlafuna nazo zenziwa ngecuba laseMpumalanga.

Imiba echaphazela i-TSNAs kwicuba kunye nomsi womsi we-smoking and can be controlled for the protection of smokers and non-smokers.

Ezinye iiCarcinogenic Compounds kwiTuba

Ukongezelela kwi-TSNAs, iikhomikhali ezili-10 ezinama-carcinogenic ezibizwa ngokuba yi-PAH kunye nama-aromatic amine nazo zicatshulwa ukuba zidlala indima ehamba phambili engozini yeengcingo ezingentla apha kubantu. Zombili ii-TSNA kunye nee-PAH zingancitshiswa kwiimveliso zecuba.

Okwangoku, inzululwazi ibonise malunga nama- 70 i-carcinogenic compounds kwi-cigarettes kunye nomsi we-cigarette, kubandakanywa nama-60 akhoyo kumsi we-cigarette kwaye ubuncinane abangama-16 abahlala kwindawo yengqumbo engahlambulukanga. IARC icwangcisa i-10 ye-PAH, i-8 TSNA kunye namanye ama-carcinogens angama-45 njengezinto ezinokuthi zenze i-carcinogens, kwaye uphando luqhubeka.

Ukusetyenziswa koGuba kwiLizwe

Ugwayi ubulala omnye kwabadala abahlanu kwihlabathi namhlanje, elifikelela kwizigidi ezi-6 eziphilayo ezilahlekileyo ngonyaka ngokubangela ukuba silawulwe.

Ukuba ikhosi ekhoyo eqhubekayo iyaqhubeka, elo nani kulindeleke likhule lifikelela kwizigidi ezili-10 zokufa kwexuba ngonyaka ngo-2020, kunye neepesenti ezingama-70 zokulahleka ezivela kumazwe angaphantsi komhlaba angenawo ulawulo lwecuba.

Imfundo malunga neengozi zokusetyenziswa kwecuba nokuxhaswa kwabantu abayekekileyo kubalulekile ukuguqula le ndlela.

ILizwi

Akukho nqanaba elikhuselekileyo lokutshatyalaliswa komsi wecuba. Ingumoya onobuthi, kwaye xa ihlala phezu kwayo, idala iibhoksi ezibizwa ngokuba ngumsi wesandla wesithathu .

Ukuba usagubha kwaye ufuna ukuyeka, qalisa ngokuqwalasela izizathu zokuba ufuna ntoni , kwaye usebenzisa izixhobo ezingezantsi ukuqalisa ngokuyeka ukutshaya.

Kwakhona, yeka kwi-forum yethu yokunqanda ukuyeka ukutshaya izicwangciso ezivela kwabanye abatshitshisileyo abaye baphumelele ukuba ungubani, okanye ube khona kwaye unokunika isiluleko esilungileyo. Unokumane ufunde okanye ujoyine kunye neengxoxo ezenzekayo. Ngayiphi indlela, ukuzimisela kwakho kuya kuqiniswa.

Ukuyeka ugwayi kuthatha umsebenzi othile, kodwa ukuphazamiseka okwethutyana.

Musa ukwesaba ukuyeka ukutshaya . Cinga nje njengelitye eliya kutsho ubomi obubhetele.

_Imithombo:

_{Umbutho waseMerika woPhando lweCancer.} _{Amanqanaba e-Nograms-Specific Nitrosamines kunye ne-Polycyclic Hydrocarbons e-Aromatic Smoke evela kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zoTuba.} _{Disemba, 2008.}

_{Umbutho waseMerika woPhando lweCancer.} _{Ixesha lokuLawula i-Nitrosamines e-Carcinogenic-Specific kwi-cigarette yoTuba.} _{Julayi, 2014.}

_{I-Arhente yamazwe ngamazwe okuPhando ngeCarcer.} _{Ama-Agents Akhethwa yi-IARC Monographs, imiqulu 1-117.}

_{Umbutho woLimi loThengiswa koTywala.} _{Iintlobo zoTuba.}

_{Ulawulo loTuba.} _{IBritish Medical Journal.} _{I-Case of Nitrosamines ezingekhoyo: I-Potentially Global Phenomenon.} _{NgoJanuwari 8, 2004.}