Isimboli sobunkokheli kubhekisela ekuziphatheni kwenkqubo yokuziphatha xa kukhokelela, ukukhuthaza, ukukhokela kunye nokulawula amaqela abantu. Iinkokeli ezinkulu zikhuthaza ukunyuswa kwezopolitiko kunye noshintsho oluntu. Bangakwazi nokukhuthaza abanye ukuba benze, benze, kwaye bavuselele.
Njengoko uqala ukuqwalasela abanye abantu ocinga ukuba ngaba nkokeli abaziintloko, unokubona ngokukhawuleza ukuba kukho ukungafani okukhulu kumntu ngamnye.
Ngethamsanqa, abaphandi baye bavelisa iingcamango ezahlukeneyo kunye nezikhokelo ezivumela ukuba sikwazi ukuchonga nokuqonda ezi ndlela ezahlukeneyo zobunkokheli.
Nazi ezinye ezimbalwa zezikhokelo eziphambili kunye nezitayela eziye zachongwa.
Izitayela zoLawulo lukaLeinin
Ngomnyaka we-1939, iqela labaphandi likhokela ngumbhali weengqondo uKurt Lewin waqaphela ukukhetha iindlela ezahlukeneyo zobunkokheli. Nangona uphando olongezelelweyo lufumene iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zobunkokeli, lo kufunda kusenokuba nefuthe kakhulu kwaye kwaqulunqwa iindlela eziphezulu ezintathu zobunkokeli ezinikezele i-springboard yeenkcukacha ezininzi zobunkokheli.
Kwisifundo seL Lewin, abantwana besikolo banikezelwa kwelinye lamalungu amathathu kunye nomholi olawulayo, olawulo lwentando yesininzi, okanye le-do-do. Abantwana babesekhokelwa kwiprojekthi yobugcisa kunye neengcaphephe ngelixa abaphandi babona indlela abaziphatha ngayo abantwana ekuphenduleni iindlela ezahlukeneyo zobunkokheli.
Abaphandi bafumanisa ukuba ubunkokheli bezentando yesininzi babelindeleke ukuba baphumelele kubalandeli abakhuthazayo ukuba benze kakuhle.
Masiqwalasele ngokuthe kratya kwiindlela ezintathu ezithathwa nguLeonin:
1. Ulawulo lobuGunyaziwe (i-Autocracy)
Iinkokeli ezigunyazayo, ezibizwa ngokuba ngabaholi bezentlalo , zibonelela ngokucacileyo oko kufuneke kwenziwe xa kufuneka kwenziwe, kwaye kufuneka kwenziwe njani.
Le ndlela yobunkokeli igxininise kakhulu kwimithetho yomibini yenkxaso kunye nokulawulwa kwabalandeli. Kukho ukwahlula ngokucacileyo phakathi kwenkokheli namalungu. Iinkokeli ezigunyazisileyo zenza izigqibo ngokuzimela kunye negalelo elincinci okanye elingekho kulo lonke iqela.
Abaphandi bafumene ukuba ukwenza izigqibo kwakungaphantsi kobunkokeli phantsi kobunkokheli bolawulo. ULein wabuye wagqiba ekubeni kunzima ukusuka kwindlela yokuzigweba ukuya kwindlela yentando yesininzi kunokwenene. Ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwelo ndlela kudla ngokubhekwa njengokulawula, ukuziphatha, kunye nokunyanzelisa.
Ubunkokheli obugunyazisiweyo busetyenziswa bhetele kwiimeko apho kukho ixesha elincinane lokwenza isigqibo seqela okanye apho inkokeli inelungu elilona lwazi leqela. Indlela yokwezentsikwano ingaba yinto elungileyo xa imeko ifuna izigqibo ezikhawulezayo kunye nezenzo ezigqibeleleyo. Nangona kunjalo, kudla ukudala indawo engasebenziyo kunye neyintlonelo, esoloko ilandelelwa abalandeli ngokuchasene nenkokeli yokulawula.
2. Inkokheli-nxaxheba (iDemocratic)
Ucwaningo lukaLeonin lufumene ukuba inkokeli yokuthatha inxaxheba, eyaziwa ngokuba yinkokeli yentando yesininzi , ngokuqhelekileyo yindlela yokwenza ubunkokeli. Iinkokheli zeDemokhrasi zinikela isikhokelo kumalungu eqela, kodwa zithatha inxaxheba kwiqela kwaye zivumela igalelo kwamanye amalungu eqela.
Kuhlolisiso lukaLeonin, abantwana beli qela babengaphantsi kakhudlwana kunamalungu eqela elilawulayo, kodwa umnikelo wabo wawunomgangatho ophezulu.
Iinkokheli ezithatha inxaxheba zikhuthaza amalungu eqela ukuba athathe inxaxheba kodwa agcine inqaku lokugqibela kwinkqubo yokwenza izigqibo. Amalungu eQela aziva enxaxheba kwinkqubo kwaye axhaswe kakhulu kunye nokudala. Iinkokeli zeDemokhrasi zithatha ukwenza abalandeli bazive ngathi bayingxenye ebalulekileyo yeqela, elinceda ukukhuthaza ukuzibophelela kwiinjongo zeqela.
3. Ubunkokheli bokuBamkela (Laire-Faire)
Abaphandi bafumanisa ukuba abantwana abangaphantsi kobunkokeli bezakhono, ababizwa ngokuba yi- laisse-faire leadership , babenemveliso encinci kwiqela ngalinye.
Abantwana kweli qela benza iimfuno ezininzi kwinkokeli, babonisa intsebenziswano encinci, kwaye babengenakukwazi ukusebenza ngokuzimela.
Iinkokheli eziphathekayo zinikeza isikhokelo esincinci okanye akukho nxalenye kumalungu eqela kwaye sishiya ukwenza izigqibo kwiqela lamalungu. Nangona le ndlela ingaba luncedo kwiimeko ezinxulumene neengcali eziqeqeshe kakhulu, zihlala zikhokelela kwiimbopheleleko ezingachazi kakuhle kunye nokungabi nokhuthazo.
U-Lewin waphawula ukuba ubunkokeli be-laiss-do-tendency bebangela ukuba amaqela ayengenaso isiluleko apho amalungu athethelela khona iimpazamo, engafuni ukwamukela uxanduva lomntu, kwaye akhuphe ukungaphumeleli kwenkqubela kunye nomsebenzi.
Ukuqwalaselwa Ngokubhekiselele kobuNkokheli beLinin
Kwincwadi yabo, "I-Bass Handbook of Leadership: Iingcamango, uPhando, kunye nezicelo eziPhathayo," inqaku leBas kunye neBas ukuba ubukhokeli bobukhosi buhlala bukhokelwa phantsi, kungabikho ukungavumi, imiqathango. Ienkokeli zolawulo zivame ukuchazwa njengokulawula kunye nokucinga okufutshane, kodwa oku kukugqithisi izinto ezinokubangela ukunyanzelisa imithetho, ukulindela ukuthobela nokuthatha uxanduva.
Nangona ubukhokheli bobukhosi ngokuqinisekileyo akusona khetho olufanelekileyo kwiimeko nganye, kunokuba luncedo kwaye luncedo kwiimeko apho abalandeli befuna ulawulo olubanzi kunye nalapho imithetho kunye nemigangatho kufuneka ilandelwe kwileta. Omnye umntu ongenakuncedwa ngolo hlobo lwesimo sobukhosi unamandla okugcina umyalelo wendlela.
I-Bass kunye ne-Bass inqaku lokuba ulawulo lwenkokheli yentando yesininzi ludla ngokugxila kubalandeli kwaye kuyindlela efanelekileyo xa uzama ukugcina ubudlelwane nabanye. Abantu abasebenza phantsi kweenkokheli ezinjalo bahlala behamba kakuhle, baxhasana, baxoxe namanye amalungu eqela xa benza izigqibo.
UbuKhokheli beeNkcazo ezongezelelweyo kunye neeModeli
Ukongeza kwiindlela ezintathu ezithatyathwa nguLewin kunye nabalingane bakhe, abaphandi baye bachaza ezinye iindlela zokuziphatha zobunkokeli. Nazi ezinye ezimbalwa eziziwayo:
1. Uhlobo lweNkokeli yoButshintsho
Ubunkokheli obutshintsho ngokuqhelekileyo luboniswa njengesitayela esisodwa esisebenzayo. Olu hlobo luchazwe kuqala ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1970 kwaye kamva landiswe ngumphandi uBernard M. Bass. Ezinye zeempawu eziphambili kwindlela yakhe yobunkokeli ziyakwazi ukukhuthaza nokukhuthaza abalandeli nokukhokela utshintsho oluhle kumaqela.
Ienkokeli zenguqu zihlala ziba nengqiqo, zinobuchule kwaye zithandekayo. Abazibopheleli nje kuphela ekuncedeni umbutho ukuba ufezekise iinjongo zawo, kodwa kwanokunceda amalungu eqela azalise amandla abo.
Uphando luye lwabonisa ukuba le ndlela yobukhokeli ibangele ukusebenza okuphezulu kunye nokwaneliseka kweqela elithuthukisiwe kunamanye amanqanaba obunkokheli. Olunye uphando lufumanise ukuba ubukhokeli benguqu bukhokelela ekuphuculeni inhlalakahle phakathi kwamalungu eqela.
2. Uhlobo loButhixo boTshintsho
Isitayela sobunkokeli bembonakalo sibona ubuhlobo-mlandeli-mlandela njengentengiso. Ngokwamkela isikhundla njengelungu leqela, umntu uvumelekile ukuthobela inkokheli. Kwiimeko ezininzi, oku kubandakanya ubuhlobo bomqeshi-msebenzi, kwaye ukuthengiselana kugxininise kumlandeli ozalise imisebenzi efunekayo ngokutshintshisiswa kwembuyekezo yemali.
Enye yeenzuzo eziphambili zalolu hlobo lwesimboli kukuba ludala iindima ezichazwe ngokucacileyo. Abantu bayazi ukuba kufuneka benze ntoni kwaye baya kuthatha ntoni ukuba bafumane utshintsho ukuze bazalise le mi sebenzi. Kananjalo ivumela iinkokeli ukuba zinikeze ulawulo oluninzi kunye nolwalathiso ukuba kuyadingeka. Amalungu eqela angashukunyiswa ukuba enze kakuhle ukufumana imivuzo. Enye yezona zinto ziphantsi kakhulu kukuba isitayela esithengiselanayo sivame ukuphazamisa ubuchule kunye nokucinga kwangaphandle kwebhokisi.
3. Iindlela zoBungqina boBume
Iingcamango zengqondo zobunkokeli zixinzelela impembelelo ebalulekileyo yendalo kunye nemeko yobunkokheli. Ezi zimbini zezi ngcamango ziquka:
- Izindlela zobunkokeli beHersey noBlanchard: Umzekelo kaHersey noBlanchard ungenye yeengcamango eziziwayo. Ukupapashwa kokuqala ngo-1969, lo mzekelo uchaza iindlela ezine eziphambili zobunkokeli, kuquka:
- Isitayela esichazayo sibonakala ngokuxelela abantu ukuba benzani.
- Isitayela sokuthengisa kubandakanya abalandeli abakholisayo ukuba bathenge kwiingcamango zabo kunye nemiyalezo.
- Isitayela esithatha inxaxheba sibonakaliswe ngokuvumela amalungu eqela ukuba athathe inxaxheba ethe xaxa kwinkqubo yokwenza isigqibo.
- Isitayela sokunikezela sithetha ukuthatha indlela yokubakhokelela ekukholeni kunye nokuvumela amalungu eqela ukuba enze uninzi lwezigqibo.
- Izindlela zobunkokeli beBlanchard ze-SLII: Kamva, uBlanchard wanda kwindlela yokuqala yaseHersey neBlanchard ukugxininisa indlela ukuphuhliswa kwamanqanaba abafundi kunye nekhono lobuchule ekufuneka lusetyenziswe ngabaholi. UBlanchard naye uchaza iindlela ezine zokufunda ezahlukeneyo, kuquka:
- Isitayela sokuqondisa kubandakanya ukunika imiyalelo kwaye ulindele ukuthobela kodwa unikezela encinane kwindlela yokukhokela kunye noncedo.
- Isitayela sokuqeqesha sithetha ukunika imiyalelo emininzi, kodwa iinkokeli zinika inkxaso eninzi.
- Isitayela esisekelayo yindlela ebonelela ngoncedo oluninzi, kodwa inkolelo encinane.
- Isitayela sokunikezela siphantsi kwinqanaba kunye nenkxaso.
> Imithombo:
> IBass BM, iBass R. Incwadi Yobunkokeli Bobunkokheli: Iingcamango, uPhando, kunye nezicelo zoLawulo. Wesi-4. ENew York: I-Free Press; 2008.
> Hersey P, Blanchard KH. Ulawulo lweZenzo zoLuntu-eziSebenzi. ENew Jersey / ePrentice Hall; 1969.
> Hersey P, Blanchard KH. Inkcazo yoBomi yoBukhokeli. UQeqesho loQeqesho noPhuhliso . 1969; 23 (5): 26-34.
> Lewin K, Lippitt R, i-White RK. Iipatheni zokuziphatha okuxhatshazayo kwiNgqungquthela eyenziwe yiNkcubeko yeNtlalo . Umbhalo weNzululwazi yeNtlalo. Ngowe-Meyi 1939; 10 (2): 271-301.