Ngo-Ephreli ka-1994, uludwe lweentlobo ze-599 ezongeziweyo ezisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kweedigarethi zaseMelika zenziwa ngabantu, zineenkampani ezixhamli zintlanzi ezinhlanu zibika.
Kuze kube lelo xesha, abaxhasi be-cigarettes babengaziwa nakubani na ngaphandle kweenkampani ezizivelisayo. Namhlanje, ngelixa kuqhubeka imibuzo emininzi, abaphandi baye bafumanisa ulwazi oluncedo malunga neezongezo kwiigayibha, kwaye konke kwaqala ngeloluhlu.
Ngokweninzi, abakhiqizi be-cigarettes baqinisekisa ukuba izongezo zabo zongeza ukunambitheka, zenza njenge-humectant okanye zisetyenziselwa "ukuxhaswa ngoncedo", njengolu luhlu lwezaziso ezivela kuFilipu Morris . Inzululwazi ibonisa ukuba kuninzi okwenzekayo, nangona kunjalo.
Abaphandi uMichael Rabinoff, INGA, PhD, uNicholas Caskey, PhD, u-Anthony Rissling, MA, kunye ne-Candice Park, BS bahlaziywe ngamaxwebhu e-shishini e-tobacco, uludwe lwe-additives 599 kunye neminye imithombo, ekufumanisa ukuba ngaphezu kwe-100 kubo baneempawu ezinokuthi okanye ukuphucula umlutha okanye ukugubha imiphumo emibi yecuba.
Ngokomzekelo, ezinye izongezo zesigarethi:
- inokuphucula i-airways, ivumela umntu otshaya ukuba atyelele ngakumbi. Oku kwandisa ukwanda kwe-nicotine kwaye kunokufaka amazinga aphezulu e- tar emiphakeni. I-Cocoa yongezelelo eyaziwayo ukwenza oku.
- banakho ukuxilisa ngokwabo okanye ukusebenzisana ne-nicotine.
- unciphisa umonakalo we-nicotine, ngaloo ndlela ukwandisa ukutshatyalaliswa kwaloo nto.
- zinezixhobo ezinobuncwane obuncitshiswayo obuncitshisa ubunzima bebhegayi emqaleni.
- ukufihla ukuvumba, ukubonakala, kunye nokucaphuka komsi womsi wocuba.
- unokuguqula iimpawu ezilumkiso zezifo ezidibene nokubhema ugwayi.
Ingaba iipropati ezongezelelweyo zedayibhile zenziwe "zenzelwe" kwii-cigarettes zorhwebo nge- Big Bigbacco ezingavumelekanga, kodwa abaphandi bayavuma ukuba ukulawula okuthe ngqongqo kwizongezo zetekisi kubaluleke kakhulu.
Iimpepha zogwayi zibonisa ukuba iinkampani zogwayi ziye zaphanda iindlela zokuvelisa i-cigarettes eziza kumelana nomsebenzisi ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngokucokisekileyo kwi-nicotine, kuphando yonke into ekuphuculeni i-nicotine kwiigayibhi ngokusebenzisa izityalo zokubheza iifotyi ekuveliseni izitshixo ze-nicotin kunye nokusebenzisa iteksi njengesongezo inkqubo yokuvelisa.
Amoniya kwiiCigarettes
I-Amoniya yongezwa kwi-cigarettes iphendula nge-nicotine kwinkqubo yokubiza i-free-based basis. Isiphumo siphulo esikhulu sikototti kumntu otshaya.
IMenthol kwiiCigarettes
Kuthatyathwe kwi-oil min, i-menthol enye ingcamango eyongeziweyo yokudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekumiseni abantu abatsha kwiidaka. I-Menthol yindawo ephilileyo ye-anesthetic yendawo, kwaye xa ifakwe kwi-cigarettes inokunciphisa umsindo wesihogo obangelwa ngumsi wecuba.
I-Eugenol yenye enye isongezo esisetyenzisiweyo njengegosa elingenakunzima kwiimpawu ezinobungozi bomsi wecuba.
I-Acetaldehyde kwi-smoke cigarette
I-Acetaldehyde yakhiwa xa izithako zogwayi kunye nezongezwayo, kuquka iishukela zitshiswa. Uphando olwenziwa yizilwanyana olwenziwa nguFilip Morris lubonakalisa umonakalo phakathi kwe-acetaldehyde kunye ne-nicotine. Iifolo zinyanzele ibha ngaphezulu kokuhlanganiswa kweekhemikhali ezimbini kunokuba zodwa zodwa.
Ukuba idatha yayifakwe kubantu, yayiza kuhambelana nokunyuka kwecuba ngenxa yeso siphumo sino-nicotine kunye ne-acetaldehyde kwingqumbo yomsila.
Uluphi uTywala?
Abakhiqizi be-cigarettes bahlaziya izibini zokusasaza iifotyi, iziqu, izitshalo, ukuthungca uthuli kunye nokutshulwa komgangatho kwisithako esinokuzongezwa kwimveliso yokubhema.
Inkqubo ibandakanya ukugawula zonke izinto ezikhankanywe apha ngasentla, ukhiphe iicicin kubo, kwaye ungeze i-glue, i-fillers, iikhemikhali kunye namanye ama-agent ukuba enze i-slurry. Umxube ugxininiswe kwiphepha, ukhukhumele, kunye neicotine ekhishweyo ifakwe kuso.
Ukusuka apho, iphinda iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde ibe yindawo ekhethiweyo edibeneyo kwi-cigarettes kwimali efunwayo.
Iphepha lefodya liyisithako esikhulu kwiigarethi zanamhla.
Iimveliso eziNetyhefu zokuTya iiCigarettes
Njengoko kuchaziwe ngasentla, ukutshiswa kwezixhobo zokutya ezizinzileyo ngokwabo kunye nokudibanisa nezinye izongezo kunokudala izixhobo ezintsha zeekhemikhali ezinobungozi kwimpilo yabantu.
Kwaye, ukwenza izinto zibe zibi nakakhulu, izilwanyana ezinobuncwane ezisetyenziselwa ukufama kwefodya kunye nezitropu ezinzima zifumene ngokwemvelo emhlabathini, ezinye zazo zi- radioactive , zinokuhlala zize zifikelele kwimveliso eqhelisiweyo (kunye nomthengi).
Ukuba Usasaza ...
Nceda sebenzisa izibonelelo ezingezantsi ukukunceda ukuba uqalise ngokuyeka.
Umlutha usitsho ukuba akukho xesha elifanelekileyo lokuyeka, ngoko gcina ingqondo yakho ngokungayihoyi kwaye uqalise inkqubo yakho yokuyeka namhlanje.
> Imithombo:
Isiko seSizwe soLwazi lweBiotechnology. I-American Journal yeMpilo kaRhulumente. Imiphumo ye-Pharmacological and Chemical ye-Additives ze-cigarette. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2040350/#!po=2.94118. Fumaneka ngoFebruwari 2014.
Isiko seSizwe soLwazi lweBiotechnology. Ukusetyenziswa kweNkunkuma kunye neNkcitho yokuLawulwa kweMveliso: omnye uNgaphandle koTywala. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10465821/. Fumaneka ngoFebruwari 2014.
Isenzo malunga nokuSuba kunye neMpilo. Izongezo zoTuba - Ubunjineli beCigarette kunye neNicotine Addiction. http://www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_623.pdf. Fumaneka ngoFebruwari 2014.
KwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, eSan Francisco. Imbali yoTywala. Izicwangciso zeNicotine eziPhakamileyo zeGenetic. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/hpl41f00. Fumaneka ngoFebruwari 2014.
American Cancer Society. I-Menthol Cigarettes - Yiyiphi i-Big Deal? http://www.cancer.org/cancer/news/expertvoices/post/2013/08/28/menthol-cigarettes-whats-big-deal.aspx. Fumaneka ngoFebruwari 2014.