I-Amoniya yintsikliya enetyhefu, engenambala kunye nephunga elibukhali kakhulu. I-Amoniya ivela ngokwemvelo kwindalo kwaye iyimveliso yoluntu.
I-Ammonia isetyenziswa njani
Iimoni zakwa-Amoniya zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwimveliso yokucoca kunye nezichumisi.
I-Ammonia isetyenziselwa ukukhulisa impembelelo ye-nicotin kwiigaytti ezenziwe.
Kwi-Trimmatic Tribune Trial of 1998, inani elithile leenkcukacha malunga nendlela iinkampani zogwayi ezenza ngayo izithako zogwayi ngendlela yokukhawulezisa nokuqinisa umlutha we-nicotine kubantu abathengi.
Phakathi kwabo kwakukho ukufumanisa ukuba kutheni umshishini wexuba ungomnye wabathengi be-ammonia e-United States.
Iqaliswe ngee-Cigarettes ezisezantsi
Iigayibha ezisezantsi ziqaliswe "njengogqabi olukhuselekileyo" emva kokuqhagamshelana okuninzi phakathi kokutshaya nomhlaza ekupheleni kwama-50s. Izihlungi zongezwa njengendlela yokubamba i-tar, kunye nezimbobo ezincinci ezicatshulwayo zenzelwe ukunciphisa umsi wecuba wokungena emiphakeni.
Nangona kunjalo, kubonakala ngathi ukwehlisa umthamo we-tar kwanciphisa inani le-nicotine etholakale kubabhemi. Abaphathi bezocuba babibiza ngokuthi "ukunganeliseki," kodwa inyaniso kukuba i-nicotine encinci ingathi ithintela kakhulu. Oku kwakuphikisana nokuvelisa ishishini elithembele kwi- nicotine yokulutha ukukhula nokugcina isiseko sabathengi bayo.
Abaphandi beenkampani zecuba baye baqalisa ukuhlola iindlela zokunyusa impembelelo ye-nicotin kwimigayi yokubhema. Kuvela i-ammonia yindlela efanelekileyo yokufeza loo njongo.
Iifomu ezimbini zeNicotine
Iimotlekli zeNicotine zikho ngeendlela ezimbini, i-asidi (eboshwe) kunye nesiseko (sikhululekile). Ngomsi womsila, ii-molecule ze-nicotine zihamba ngokulula ngaphezu kokubopha i-molecule ye-nicotine. Xa i-nicotine iphefumula kwi-gesi, ngokukhawuleza ithathwa yimiphunga kwaye isasazwa kuwo wonke umzimba.
Abafaki befodya bafumanisa ukuba ukongeza i-ammonia kwinkqubo yokuvelisa i-cigarettes kwandinceda ukuguqula i-nicotin molecules kwi-smoking smoke kwi-molecule ye-nicotine yamahhala ngokuphakamisa i-pH.
Le nkqubo iyaziwa ngokuthi "i-freebasing". Ngokufana neprojekthi yeekhemikhali ye-cocaine ehlaziyiweyo, umphumo wokugqibela ngumphumo ophuculweyo weziyobisi kumsebenzisi.
Ngokufanayo, iinkampani zecuba zinciphisa inani leeshukela kwimigayibha ukuze kukhuliswe i-alkalinity kunye nenani lama-molecule e-nicotine e-smokt.
Ubungqina bobuchwephesha belizwe kwi-Tribune Tobacco Trial yanikelwa nguChanning Robertson, uprofesa wobunjineli beekhemikhali kwiYunivesithi yaseStanford.
Ngokutsho kukaMnu. Robertson, ukukhangela kwimiqulu yenkampani yangaphakathi yocuba kubonisa ukuba ngo-1965, izazinzulu kuRJ Reynolds zazizama ukuqonda isizathu sokuba uphawu lukaFilip Morris 'Marlboro luye lwadume kakhulu kunelophawu lwabo lweWinston.
Bafumanisa ukuba uFilip Morris wasebenzisa i-ammonia kwi-cigarettes yaseMarlboro, kwaye xa uRJ Reynolds elandela i-1970 ngokunyusa i-ammonia kwi-cigarettes yaseWinston, nabo baqala ukufumana abaxhasi.
Ngama-1989, ngokwemiqulu yecuba, ngaphezulu kwezigidi ezili-10 zezigidi ze-ammonia zenziwe zisetyenziswa rhoqo ngonyaka yiinkampani zokutya i-cigarettes.
Olunye u-Shady uPhando lweNicotine
Ngelo xesha, uphando iindlela zokunyusa iicicin kwisityalo seguba. UNjingalwazi uRobertson wangqina ukuba uBrown noWillionon Tobacco Corporation bavelisa izityalo zetyikima ezivelisa kabini inani eliqhelekileyo le-nicotine.
"Y-1" njengoko kwakubizwa ngokuba yimibhalo yenkampani esetyenzisiwe kwiirhweba ezithengiswa ngezorhwebo ezithengiswa kumazwe.
Yaye loo mibobo ehlongozwayo yayithetha ukuthintela umsi kwaye ufune ukungena kumaphaphu? Inkomfa enye yefodya yabonisa indlela ezo zimbobo zaphakamisa umgangatho we-pH womsi, ukwandisa inani le-nicotine elinikezwa kubashushu.
Kukho konke ngokuKwaneliseka kwamakhasimende ...?
I-Bigbacco enkulu igcina i-nicotine yokukhaba abantu abatshitshisiweyo xa kukhanya ngokusebenzisa i-ammonia ekusebenziseni itekisi kuthethwa nje ukuba kwandiswe "ukwaneliseka ukutshaya."
Omnye unokuchaza ngokuchanekileyo i-nicotine yamahhala kunye ne-ammonia njengendlela yokuphatha ngokuzikhethela ukugcina ababhemayo banomlutha, kwaye banikeze indlela ekhawulezayo yokuyilwa ngabashushu abatsha.
Masijamelane nayo. Icandelo loshishino lokugubha iteksi libuhlungu xa lifuna ukufumana nokugcina amakhasimende. Bazimisele ukwenza konke okufunekayo ukugcina ababhemayo banomlwelwe kuba ukuba kwakungengenxa yomlutha, akukho mntu unokutshaya.
Emininzi kwiiKhemikhali kwiiCigarettes
Okwangoku, inzululwazi sele ichonge ngaphezu kwee-7,000 iikhemikhali kumsi wesigare, kubandakanya phezulu kwama-250 anobuthi kunye nama-70 aconicogic compounds.
- Ezinye iikhemikhali kwi-cigarette smoke
Ukuba usabhema, hlawulela izinto ezithile , usethe usuku , kwaye uqalise ngokuyeka ukutshaya . Awusoze wazisola.
Imithombo:
Ukwelashwa kwe-Amoniya yoTuba. Iimpepha zoTywala kwi-Intanethi.
I-ToxFAQs ™: iAmmonia. NgoSeptemba, 2004. I-Arhente yeSigxina seMpawu kunye neZibhaliso zeZifo.
Ubungqina beeNkcazo zikaChanning R. Robertson, Ph.D, ngoFebruwari 3, 1998. UMnuz v. Philip Morris, Inc.