Kutheni Izifundo ezininzi zeengqondo zihluleka ukuphendula
Ukuphendulela kuyigama elithetha ngokuphindaphinda uphando, ngokubanzi ngeemeko ezahlukeneyo kunye nezifundo ezahlukileyo, ukuchonga ukuba iziphumo eziphambili zezifundo zingasetyenziswa kwabanye abathathi-nxaxheba kunye neemeko.
Emva kokuqhutyelwa isifundo, abaphandi banokuba nomdla ekunqumeni ukuba iziphumo zibambekile kwezinye izicwangciso okanye kwezinye iindawo.
Kwezinye iimeko, izazinzulu zifuna ukuphinda ziphendule ukuzama ukubonisa ngakumbi iziphumo.
Ngokomzekelo, khawucinge ukuba iingcali zengqondo zengqondo zenza uvavanyo olubonisa ukuba i-hypnosis inokusebenza ekuncedeni ababhemayo abaneminyaka emibini ababalela ukukhwela i-nicotine. Abanye abaphandi bangathanda ukuphinda baphinde bafunde ngokufanayo nabafundi abatshitshisi abancinci ukuba babone ukuba bafumana umphumo ofanayo.
Kutheni Kuthetha Ukuphendula Ngokubalulekileyo Kwingqondo?
Xa uphando luphindaphindiwe kwaye lufezekisile imiphumo efanayo okanye efana neyokufunda kwangaphambili, inika ubungqina obukhulu kwiziphumo. Ukuba umphandi unokuphinda aphendule iziphumo zophando, kuthetha ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba ezo ziphumo ziyakwenziwa ngokubanzi kubantu abaninzi.
Iingcali zenzululwazi ziphinda ziphendule njani?
Xa uqhuba isifundo okanye uvavanyo , kubalulekile ukuba uchaze ngokucacileyo ukusebenza. Ngamanye amagama, yintoni isifundo esizama ukulinganisa?
Xa uphendule abaphandi bangaphambili, abahloli bazakulandela iinkqubo ezifanayo kodwa ngeqela elithile labathathi-nxaxheba. Ukuba umphandi ufumana iimpembelelo ezifanayo okanye ezifanayo kwiimvavanyo zokulandelelana, kuthetha ukuba iziphumo zangasese azikwazi ukuba ngumbane.
Kuthiwani Ukuba Ukuphendula Kungapheli?
Ngoko kwenzeka ntoni ukuba iziphumo zangaphambili azikwazi ukuphinda zenziwe kwakhona?
Ngaba oko kuthetha ukuba abahloli baqhuba uphando olubi okanye ukuba, ngakumbi, baqamba amanga okanye baqulunqa idatha yabo?
Kwiimeko ezininzi, uphando olungaphendulwanga lubangelwa ngantlukwano kubabathathi-nxaxheba okanye nakwezinye iinguqu ezingaphandle ezichaphazela iziphumo zovavanyo. Ngamanye amaxesha ulwahlulo alukwazi ukukhawuleza kwangoko kwaye kwabanye abaphandi banakho ukuqonda ukuba zeziphi iimpawu ezichaphazelekayo ezinokuchaphazela iziphumo.
Ngokomzekelo, ukungafani kancinci kwizinto ezinjengendlela ephakanyiswa ngayo imibuzo, imozulu okanye nokuba yimini yosuku isifundo sifunyenwe sinokuba nempembelelo engalindelekanga kwiziphumo zovavanyo. Abaphandi banokuzama ukuzalisa ngokugqibeleleyo isifundo sokuqala, kodwa ukutshintsha kulindeleke kwaye kaninzi kunokwenzeka ukuphepha.
Ngaba Iziphumo Zeengqondo Zengqondo Zinzima Ukuziphindaphinda?
Ngo-2015, iqela labaphandi abangaphezu kwe-250 lipapashile iziphumo zemizamo yabo yeminyaka emihlanu yokuphinda ifundwe iimvavanyo ezili-100 ezahlukahlukeneyo ezipapashwe ngaphambili kwiincwadi zengqondo ezintathu eziphezulu. Abaphinda baphinde basebenze ngokusondeleyo nabaphandi bokuqala kwisifundo ngasinye ukwenzela ukuba baphinde baphinde bahlolisise iimvavanyo ngokukhawuleza.
Iziphumo zazingaphantsi kwe-stellar. Kule mivavanyo eyi-100 embuzo, iipesenti ezingama-64 azikwazanga ukuphinda ziphendule iziphumo zangaphambili.
Kwimiqulu yasekuqaleni, iipesenti ezingama-97 zeziphumo zafunyaniswa njengezibalo ezibalulekileyo. Iipesenti ezingama-36 kuphela zezifundo eziphindaphindiweyo zakwazi ukufumana iziphumo ezibalulekileyo.
Njengoko umntu angalindela, ezi ziphumo eziphazamisayo zibangele ukuphazamiseka.
Ngoko kutheni i-psychology yenza ukuba kunzima ukuphindaphinda? Ukubhalela i -Guardian , uJohn Ioannidis ucebise ukuba kukho izizathu ezenza ukuba oku kwenzeke, kubandakanywa ukhuphiswano lwemali yophando kunye neengcinezelo ezinamandla zokufumana iziphumo ezibalulekileyo. Kukho ukhuthazo oluncinane lokuphindaphinda, iziphumo ezininzi ezifunyenwe ngethuba ziyamkelwa ngaphandle kokuphanda okanye ukuphonononga.
Ababhali beprojekthi bakhombisa ukuba kukho izizathu ezintathu ezibalulekileyo ezenza ukuba iziphumo zokuqala zingenakuphinda zichazwe.
Iziphumo zokuqala zazingezobuxoki.
Iziphumo eziphindaphindiweyo zazingalunganga.
Ezi zifundo zombini zichanekile kodwa zahluke ngenxa yokungafani okungaziwa kwiimeko zokulinga okanye iindlela.
Indlela Ukuphendulelwa Kunokuqiniswa ngayo
I-Nobel-prize-winning psychologist uDaniel Kahneman uye wacetyisa ukuba ngenxa yezifundo ezipapashiweyo zivakala kakhulu ekuchazeni iindlela ezisetyenzisiweyo, iimpendulo kufuneka zibandakanye abalobi bezifundo zokuqala ukuze bajonge ngokucokisekileyo iindlela kunye neenkqubo ezisetyenziselwa uphando lwangaphambili. Enyanisweni, uphando olulodwa lufumene ukuba xa kubandakanywa abaphandi bokuqala, amazinga okuphindaphinda aphezulu kakhulu.
Ngelixa abanye bangalingeka ukuba bajonge iziphumo zeeprojekthi zokuziphindaphinda baze bacinge ukuba i-psychology iyinkunkuma, abaninzi bancomela ukuba ukufunyanwa okunjalo kunceda ukwenza i-psychology ibe nesayensi eyomeleleyo. Ingcamango yabantu kunye nokuziphatha ngumxholo osisigxina kunye noguquko ohlala uguqulwayo, ngoko kuyahluka kulindeleke xa ubona abantu abahlukeneyo nabathathi-nxaxheba.
Ezinye iziphumo zophando zingalunganga, kodwa ukumba ubunzulu, ukubonisa iimpazamo, nokuyila iimvavanyo ezingcono kunceda ukuqinisa intsimi.
> Imithombo:
> Ionnidis >, J. J. Psychology experiments ayiphumeli uvavanyo lokuphindaphinda - ngesizathu esihle. Guardian; 2015.
> Makel, MC; Plucker, JA; I-Hegarty, B. Izimpendulo kwi-Psychology Research Kwenzeka Kangakanani Ukuba Zenzeke? . Iimpembelelo kwiSayensi zeNzululwazi. 2012; 7 (6): 537-542.
Uvulo lweSayensi. Ukulinganisela ukuveliswa kwesayensi yengqondo. Sayensi. 2015; 349 (6251), aac4716. Doi: 10.1126 / science.aac4716.