Iimvavanyo zokubala ze-IQ zibalwa njani? Sithetha ezininzi malunga nee-IQ izikolo, kodwa inyaniso kukuba abantu abaninzi abaqinisekanga ukuba zezi zizathu zithini. Yiyiphi impawu "ephakamileyo" ye-IQ? Yintoni i-IQ ephakathi? Luhlobo luni lwamanqaku kuthatha ukuba luthathwe njengengqondo?
Ukuze uqonde ukuba zeziphi iinombolo zibhekiselele, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba amanqaku kula mvavanyo abalwa.
Nangona iimvavanyo ezininzi zisebenzisa iindlela ezifanayo ukufumana amanqaku abo, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba uvavanyo ngalunye luhluke kwaye iindlela zokubeka ingenakufana nokuvavanywa komnye.
Uvavanyo lwe-IQ lubekwe phantsi
Ukuze kuhlolwe ngokwaneleyo nokutolika amanqaku okuvavanya, i-psychometricians isebenzisa inkqubo eyaziwa njenge- standard standards . Kuthetha ukuthini oku oku?
Inkqubo yokumisela iquka ukulawula uvavanyo kwisampula esimele sabantu bonke ekugqibeleni baya kuthatha uvavanyo. Esi sampuli sokuqala simelela inani labantu ngokuchanekileyo ngokunokwenzeka kwaye libonisa ezininzi izinto ezikhoyo kubemi jikelele.
Ngokomzekelo, isampuli esimeleyo kufuneka ibandakanye ipesenti yabantu abathile bezesini ezithile kunye nobudala njengokuba omnye uya kufumana kubonke abantu.
Umntu ngamnye ovavanya uvavanyo uya kugqiba uvavanyo ngaphantsi kwemiqathango efanayo nabo bonke abanye abathathi-nxaxheba kwiqela lesampula.
Le nqubo ivumela i-psychometricians ukuba imise imigangatho , okanye imigangatho, apho amanqaku ngamnye anokuthelekiswa.
Uninzi lwezilingo ze-IQ Zisasazwa ngokuqhelekileyo
Iziphumo zokuvavanya ingqondo zilandelelani oko kwaziwa njengento yokusabalalisa ngokuqhelekileyo, ikhava enemihlobiso eninzi apho amanqaku amaninzi aphakathi okanye ajikeleze amanqaku aphakathi.
Ngokomzekelo, uninzi lwezikolo (malunga nama-68 ekhulwini) kwi-WAIS-III ithambekele ukulala phakathi kwe-15 okanye ngaphantsi kwamanqaku angama-15 ukusuka kumanqaku aphakathi kwama-100.
Oku kuthetha ukuba malunga nama-68 ekhulwini abantu abaya kuthatha lo vavanyo baya kubaleka phakathi kwengu-85 no-115. Njengoko ukhangela phambili ekupheleni kokusasazwa, amanqaku athambekele ekungabonakali.
Abantu abambalwa kakhulu (malunga no-0.2%) bafumana amanqaku angaphezu kwe-145 (ebonisa i-IQ ephezulu) okanye ngaphantsi kwama-55 (ebonisa i-IQ ephantsi kakhulu kwi-test).
Kwiimeko ezininzi, uphawu lwe-IQ oluwela ngaphantsi kwe-70 lubonwa njenge-IQ ephantsi, ngelixa amanqaku angama-140 abonisa i-IQ ephakamileyo. Kwixesha elidlulileyo, amanqaku angaphantsi kwe-70 asetyenziswe njengommakishi ukuchonga ukukhubazeka kwengqondo kunye nokulahlwa kwengqondo. Namhlanje, amanqaku okuvavanya ayedwa akwanele ukufumanisa ukukhubazeka kwengqondo kunye nabaxilonge baqwalasele izinto ezifana nobudala bokuqala kunye nezakhono zokuguqulela.
Ukujonga ngokugqithiseleyo iIQ izikolo
Oku kulandelayo kukuphazamiseka okukhulu kweendawo ezahlukeneyo ze-IQ. Ezinye iimvavanyo zinika amanqaku ahlukeneyo kunye neenguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zento ezo ziphumo zingathetha.
Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuba ukhumbule ukuba iimvavanyo ze-IQ zilingana nje kuphela zengqondo. Iingcali ezininzi zibonisa ukuba ezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo zenza i-intelligence, kubandakanywa izinto zentlalo kunye nemvakalelo.
Ezinye iingcaphephe zitsho ukuba ezi zakhono zentlalo nezengqondo zibaluleke ngaphezu kwe-IQ xa kuziwa ekufumaneni impumelelo ebomini.
- 1 ukuya ku-70 - Ukukhubazeka kwengqondo
- 71 ukuya ku-84 - Ukukhubazeka kwengqondo komda
- 85 ukuya ku-114 - Umyinge weengqondo
- 115 ukuya ku-129 - Ngaphezulu; kukhanya
- 130 ukuya kwi-144 - ngokufanelekileyo
- 145 ukuya ku-159 - Unamandla kakhulu
- 160 ukuya ku-179 - Ngaphandle kwezipho
- I-180 kunye naphezulu-Inesakhono esinamandla
Yintoni i-IQ yokuvavanya
Kukho uninzi lweemvavanyo zengqondo ezahlukeneyo ezikhoyo kwaye umxholo wazo unokwahluka kakhulu. Isazi senzululwazi saseFransi u- Alfred Binet wayengowokuqala ukuhlalutya uvavanyo olusesikweni sobutyebi kunye nesimo sovavanyo lwakhe lwangaphambili sisasetyenziswa namhlanje njengolu vavanyo lwe-intelligence lweStanford-Binet.
Kamva, isazi sengqondo sengqondo uCharles Spearman senza umxholo wobuchule obuninzi, okanye ukukwazi ukukwazi ukwenza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo.
Iimvavanyo zengqondo zanamhlanje zihlala zijolise kwizakhono ezinjengezakhono zemathematika, imemori, ukuqonda kwendawo, kunye nolwazi lweelwimi. Isikhundla sokubona ubudlelwane, ukusombulula iingxaki, nokukhumbuza iinkcukacha zibalulekileyo zeengcaphephe zengqondo, ngoko ke ezi zinto zihlala zizakhono apho iimvavanyo ze-IQ zijolise kuyo.
Ezinye iimvavanyo zengqondo eziqhelekileyo ziquka i-Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, i-Wechsler Intelligence Scale yabantwana, iStanford-Binet, iNkqubo yoVavanyo lweCognitive, i-Kaufman Assessment Battery ye-Children, kunye ne-Woodcock-Johnson Test of Skognitive Skilities.
Iingongoma ezibalulekileyo zokukhumbula
Izinto ezimbalwa eziphambili zokukhumbula malunga nendlela izikolo ze-IQ zibalwa ngayo:
- Iinqununu zokuvavanywa kwe-IQ ziqhelekezwa kwaye zilandele ijika elilolu hlobo
- Iimvavanyo ze-IQ zanamhlanje ziqhathanisa abantu beqela elifanayo
- Iimvavanyo ezinokuthenjwa ze-IQ kufuneka zinike iziphumo ezifanayo. Abantu bafanele bafumane amanqaku afanayo ngokufanayo xa bevavanya.
- Nangona iinqununu eziphezulu ze-IQ zinxulumene nempilo yokwandisa, ukusebenza kwezemfundo kunye nokuphila ngokubanzi, la manqaku aqikelele ukuba yimpumelelo yomntu ebomini .
ILizwi
Uvavanyo lwe-IQ luphakathi kweemvavanyo eziphambili zengqondo. Ukuze uqonde ukuba zeziphi iinqununu zithetha, kubalulekile ukujonga indlela ezi zibala ngayo. Namhlanje, iimvavanyo ezininzi zilinganiselwe kwaye amanqaku athatyathwa ngokuthelekisa ukusebenza komntu ngamnye malunga nemigangatho yeqela lomntu ngamnye.
Nangona iinqununu ze-IQ zingabonisa ulwazi malunga nobuchule bomntu kwimimandla ethile, kubalulekile ukuba ukhumbule ukuba ezinye izinto, eziquka izinto ezinjengezakhono eziguquguqukayo, ingqiqo yeemvakalelo, kunye nokusebenza komsebenzi, nazo zibonisa izixhobo ezibalulekileyo zomntu.
Imithombo:
Barthalomew, DJ Ukulinganisa Ubulumko: Amaqiniso kunye nama-Fallacies. I-Cambridge: I-Cambridge University Press; 2004.
Breedlove, SM Imigaqo yeengqondo. I-Sunderland, MA: i-Sinauer Associates, Inc; 2015.
I-Kaufman, i-ASIQ Test 101. eNew York: i-Springer Publishing; 2009.