I-schema sisisombululo sokuqonda okanye ingqiqo esinceda ukuququzelela nokutolika ulwazi. I-Schemas ingaba luncedo kuba ivumela ukuba sithathe iifutshane ngokutolika ubuninzi beenkcukacha ezikhoyo kwindawo yethu.
Nangona kunjalo, ezi zikhokelo zengqondo zisenza ukuba singabandakanyi ulwazi olufanelekileyo ukuba sigxininise endaweni kuphela kwizinto eziqinisekisa iinkolelo zethu kunye neengcamango ezikhoyo. I-Schemas inokubangela inxaxheba kwimibono kwaye yenza kube nzima ukugcina ulwazi olutsha olungahambisani nemibono yethu ecacileyo malunga nehlabathi.
I-Schemas: Imvelaphi yeMbali
Ukusetyenziswa kwezicwangciso njengesiseko esisisiseko saqala sisetyenziswe ngumbhali weengqondo waseBrithani ogama linguFrederic Bartlett njengenxalenye yengcamango yakhe yokufunda. Ingcamango kaBartlett yaphakamisa ukuba ukuqonda kwethu ihlabathi kwenziwe ngumnatha wezakhiwo ezingqondweni.
I-theorist uJean Piaget yazisa i-schema yegama, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwakusasazwa ngomsebenzi wakhe. Ngokutsho kwengcamango yakhe yokuphuhliswa kwengqondo, abantwana baya kuluhlu lwamanqanaba okukhula kwengqondo.
Kwiingcamango zikaPiaget , i-schema yinto yentlobo yolwazi kunye nenkqubo yokufumana olo lwazi. Wayekholelwa ukuba abantu bahlala bevumelanisa nokusingqongileyo njengoko bathatha ulwazi olutsha baze bafunde izinto ezintsha. Njengoko kwenzeka amava kunye nolwazi olutsha lwenziwa, iiskimu ezintsha ziphuhliswa kwaye ama-schemas amadala aguqulwa okanye aguqulwa.
Imizekelo yeS Schema
Umzekelo, umntwana omncinci angaqala ukuvelisa i-schema yehashe. Uyazi ukuba ihashe inkulu, inwele, imilenze emine, nomsila. Xa intombazana encinci ihlangana neenkomo okokuqala, inokuthi ekuqaleni iqamba ihashe.
Emva koko, kuhambelana neprogram yakhe yezimpawu zehashe; sisilwanyana esikhulu esinenwele, imilenze emine, nomsila. Emva kokuba etsheliwe ukuba le yilwanyana ehlukileyo ebizwa ngokuba yinkomo, iya kuguqula i-schema yayo ekhoyo yehashe kwaye yenze i-schema entsha yeenkomo.
Ngoku, makhe sicinge ukuba le ntombazana ihlangana nehashe elincinci ngethuba lokuqala kwaye liyifake ngokungalunganga njengenja.
Abazali bakhe bayichazela ukuba isilwanyana seyona nto incinci kakhulu yehashe, ngoko ke intombazana encinane kufuneka iguqule i-schema yayo ekhoyo yamahhashi ngeli xesha. Ngoku uyaqonda ukuba ngelixa ezinye ihashe zizilwanyana ezinkulu, ezinye ziyakuncinci kakhulu. Ngokusebenzisa amava akhe amatsha, izicwangciso zakhe ezikhoyo ziguqulwa kwaye ulwazi olutsha lufundwa.
Iinkqubo eziza kulungiswa okanye ziguquliwe ziyaziwa ngokuba yi-assimilation kunye nokuhlala. Ngokuhambelana, ulwazi olutsha lufakwe kwiimpawu ezikhoyo ngaphambili. Kwiindawo zokuhlala , ii-schemas ezikhoyo zinokutshintshwa okanye amaqhinga amatsha angenziwa njengomntu ufunda ulwazi olutsha kwaye unamava amatsha.
Iingxaki nge Schemas
Nangona ukusetyenziswa kwezicwangciso ukufunda kwiimeko ezininzi kubonakala ngokuzenzekelayo okanye kungenzi nto, ngezinye i-schema ekhoyo iyakuthintela ukufunda kolwazi olutsha. Ubandlululo ngumzekelo omnye we-schema ovimbela abantu ukuba bangawuboni ihlabathi njengokuba kunjalo kwaye ubavimbela ukuba bangenise ulwazi olutsha.
Ngokubamba iinkolelo ezithile malunga neqela elithile labantu, le simu esele ibenokubangela ukuba abantu basichaze iimeko ngokungalunganga. Xa kwenzeka isiganeko ukuba inzima kule nkolelo ezikhoyo, abantu banokufumana ezinye iinkcazo ezixhasa kwaye zixhase i-schema yazo ekhona kunokuguqula okanye ukuguqula iinkolelo zabo.
Cinga indlela oku kusebenza ngayo malunga nokulindela ngokwesini kunye neengcamango. Wonke umntu unesicwangciso sezinto ezibhekwa njengabantu besilisa kunye nabasetyhini kwiinkcubeko zabo. Iimpawu ezinjalo zingakhokelela ekuziphatheni ngendlela esilindele ukuba amadoda namabhinqa baziphathe ngayo kunye neendima esilindele ukuba zizalise.
Olunye uphando oluthambileyo, abaphandi babonisa abantwana abaneemifanekiso ezinokuthi zihambelane nokulindelwa ngokwesini (njengendoda esebenza kwimoto kunye nabesifazane abahlamba izitya) ngelixa abanye babone imifanekiso engahambelani neengcingo zesini (indoda yokuhlamba izitya kunye nomfazi olungisa imoto).
Xa kamva bebuzwa ukuba bakhumbule oko bakubonayo kwimifanekiso, abantwana ababanceda kakhulu ukujonga izinto zesini ngesininzi banokuthi batshintshe ubulili babantu abambonayo kwimifanekiso engahambelani ngesini. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba babone umfanekiso womntu ohlamba izitya, bekunokwenzeka ukuba bakhumbule njengomfanekiso wowesifazane ohlamba izitya.
ILizwi
Iingcamango zikaPiaget zokuphuhliswa kwengqondo zanikela ubungakanani obalulekileyo ekuqondeni kwethu indlela abantwana abaphuhlisa ngayo nokufunda. Nangona iinkqubo zokulungelelanisa, ukuhlala kunye nokulingana, sakha, sitshintshile, kwaye sikhula zethu iim schemas ezibonelela isakhelo sokuqonda kwethu ihlabathi elisijikelezayo.
> Imithombo:
> Levine, LE & Munsch, J. Uphuhliso lwabantwana. Los Angeles: Sage; 2014.
> Lindon, J & Brodie, K. Ukuqonda ukuphuhliswa kwabantwana 0-8 iminyaka, udidi lwe-4: Ukuqhagamshelanisa iTheory and Practice. ILondon: Imfundo yeZiqu; 2016.